Kutheni isitasiyeni sinezikhalo kumehluko yamandla?

Ukudala Kwezitasiyeni Ezinamandla Ekulethela Kwezimali Egciniwe

Ukufunda Ngamahumusho Amehluko Kuzintu Zomkhiqizo

Iingxaki zokudluliswa kwezenzo zibandakanya ngokubanzi izinto eziphazanyayo kwintengo yokulayisha, iindlela ezimangalisayo zokunika umdla, kunye nezinyathelo zokutshintsha phantsi koko. Le nkqophiso ibangela iingxaki njengeenkqubo zokwehla kwisishunqulelo, ukuphindezeka, nokungahambelani ngenkqubo eyamkelwayo okuqukitha konke inkcukacha yezinzo. Izentronyi ngokuthandabuzeko ziphikisa ngeengxaki ezikhulu xa zilandelayo kakhulu ukuya kune-30% ngexesha leminyaka yokuhlala. Iisayiti zokugquba kufuneka zibuyise isishunqulelo kumeko oyindalo kanye ne-5% ngokuxhomekeka kwiziphumo ezifunyenwe kwiGrid Stability Report 2023. Ukunceda umdla ngendlela esebenza khona, iindlela ezintsha zokwahlula iisayiti zokugquba kufuneka zihlanganise amathuba amathile athembekile kunye neendlela ezahlala zibuyekeza imeko ngexesha elibalulekile ukuze zikwazi ukusabela ngokushesha xa zifumaneka ngale ngxaki.

Iziparamitha Ezibalulekileyo Zokuhlaka Kwizinzo KwiDilayouthi YeeSubstation

Izinkinga ezibalulekile zokudizayina kwe-electrical ziyaphatha kakhulu ukuthi isikhalini singasebenzisa izikhathi ezingavunyelani zokwanda kwamandla okuqhubeka esinazo khona ngenyaka. Xa kufika ekukhetheni i-busbar, kukhona izinketho ezintathu eziphambili: eyodwa, ezimbili, noma lethathe igunya elibizwa ngokuthi breaker-and-a-half. Umkhakha ngamunye unolwazi olubalulekile kumthwalo wendawo xa kuzothinta izinkinga futhi kuthintela kanjani indalo yokuphepha. Abasebenzi basebenzisa izinhlelo zezinhlaka ezithi ETAP noma DigSILENT ukuze bahlaziyenje amandla apholile ngaphambi kokukhetha izixhobo zokulima amandla endaweni ethile, okwenzekayo phakathi kuka-25kA kuze kube ngu-63kA ngokulinganiso, ngokulingana nokudingekayo. Kukhona futhi ubungakanani bezinhlelo zokulungiswa kwamandla (CTs) nezinhlaka zokulungiswa kwamandla (VTs) okubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba uma kungenziwa ngendlela efanelekileyo, inhlaka yonke yokuphepha ingadinga ukuthi ibonise imiphumela engahle noma iphinde iyohlakulwe ngexesha lenkinga enkulu, okungafuneki.

Isibonelo Sezikhala Zamanqa: Ukuphatha Ubuguqulwa Bokulawula Okuphezulu

Ukuthi lokhu ikhaya elikhulu eliqala elisebenza kuzo ngaphezu kuka-50 izihlalo. Indlela ayikhuselanayo konke okuphazanyayo kumthwalo wamandla avuye kutheni inzululwane yobuchwepheshe ingayifakela. Bafaka izimodi zokulungisa izivivekeli nangamandla akhethekile, okwakwethulwa kakhulu kwezinkinga zokuphazanywa kwamandla ngaphezu kuka-75% ngeminyaka emibili ngokungafani. Isistemu sibheka konke okuthathwa kumandla futhi sikhokhela izikaphekhithela ngokushesha okufanele ukuthola izivivekeli ezishintshwayo ngaphakathi kwezikhathi ezimbili. Noma kube khona ukuthuthuka kwezimali noma ukuphazanywa ngaphezu kuka-40% ngaphandle kwezinyanga, konke kuhlala kuthuthukile. Ukubuka lokhu kusebenzayo kuvumela ukuthi izindawo zomjondolo kudinga umphakathi ongathandabuza xa kufakela konke okuthi kuzo kakhulu abantu abacindeze kakhulu abathanda ukuthi izibhamu zabo zilindele ngalokho kuthi kungaba khona.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamathulwa Ebomvu Ngokulungisa Kuhlala Kuthuthukile

Ukhethekwano okusha kwe-grid kwenza izikhala zibe nzima kakhulu ngokuthi kuqashelwa khona ukubeka isibindi ngezikhathi zonke futhi kube khona izimfanelo ezinamandla. Lezi zinhlelo eziphucaka zinezinto ezibizwa ngama-PMUs abaleka inkinga ngomzuzwana ngemuva kwemzuzwana, ngaphezu kwalokho zenzela konke okuhlelwa ngaphambilini. Xa kunesidingo, izixhobo ezithile ezibizwa ngama-IEDs zisebenza ngokushesha ukuze zilungiselele iinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibangasebenzi kakhulu. Ngokwethu lethelelo lokusha kwi-Smart Grid Index 2023, izikhala ezisebenzisa le kind of automation zazisusa amahora etholakala ngempawu yezindleko ngenxa yezinkinga zokudonsa umshixo ngaproximately 45%. Futhi zihlawula izindleko zokulungiswa kwezimali ezivuselelwayo, zakhuphukisa amandla awo ngaproximately 28%. Kuma-komphini ezenza izinhlelo zokulungiswa kwezimali, ukufaka kulezi zinhlelo ezibangelayo kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe ubunzima bokuvikela izidingo zamanje.

Uhlobo lwezinkinga ezifana nokudonsa umshixo

Izikhululi zezinhloso ziyehlula ngendlela eyahlukene yokuphazanyiswa kwezinhloso ebalulekileyo okuthuthukisa izimo ezimbi zokunikezwa kwamandla. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinkinga ezihlanjuluka njengezinkinga zokuxhumana ngaphandle kwesivinini esibheke amandla ekunikezela indlela engahleli, izinkinga zokuxhumana ngesilungelelo apho amandla ayehlula indlela engaziwa kumhlaba, nezinkinga zokunikezwa kakhulu okubopheza izinhlelo ngaphandle kwezidingo zazo. Xa kunikezwa kakhulu, izixhobo zizophazanyiswa kakhulu futhi lokhu kuthinta izinto zokugayaza ngokushesha kunezimo eziphila khona. Okuqukethwe kakhulu kuzo zonke izinkinga zokungafakiwa kakhona - ngalokho-ke ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ethile kuphela - ngoba kuthinta ukuthambatha kancane kwezinga lamandla, izinguquko ezingavamile zezilinganiso, nokwandisa kwezixhobo. Ngokwalesi Grid Operations Report ngoqala lwelinye, izinkinga zokunikezwa kakhulu zibiza phakathi kwamashumi amathupha angu-2 yezinkinga zonke eziyehlulwa ekuhloleni. Lokhu kwenza kube yisahluko esikhulu kakhulu xa kufika lapho kudingeka sibuyise izinhlelo zonke zamandla kakhulu.

Ukuthini Izebiki Zokuphepha Zithola Nezohlukanisa Izinkinga Ngokushesha

Ama-relay avikelayo agcina izinto ezinjengokuhamba kwamanje, amazinga kagesi, nemvamisa yesistimu kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Baqhathanisa lokho abakubonayo nemingcele yokuphepha ebekwe kusengaphambili ukuze babone izinkinga kusenesikhathi. Amamodeli amasha asekelwe kuma-microprocessor angakwazi ukubona umsebenzi ongavamile ngemilisekhondi angu-30 nje kuphela, okuyinto empeleni esheshayo kunomjikelezo owodwa wamandla we-AC. Lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle, lezi zindawo ezihlakaniphile zithumela izimpawu zokuvala ukuze zivale iziphazamisi ngaphambi kokuba umonakalo usakazeke. Lokhu kusebenza ngokushesha kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukwehluleka kukagesi futhi kugcina izinsizakalo eziningi zisebenza ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ukubambisana okuhle phakathi kwamadivayisi okuvikela ahlukahlukene kuvimbela izinkinga ezincane ukuba zingaphenduki ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi. Ubuchwepheshe bamuva bokuxhumana manje buyifinyelela kahle cishe izikhathi ezingu-99.7% lapho kuhlukaniswa ukuqhuma kwamandla kagesi okwesikhashana nokwehluleka kwemishini yangempela ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva olushicilelwe kuyi-Protection Engineering Journal ngonyaka odlule.

Ukuxhumanisa ukusebenza kwe-circuit breaker nge-Real-Time Monitoring

Lapho iziphazamisi zithola isignali kuma-relay, ziwanqamula ngokushesha amandla okuphambuka - ngokuvamile kungakapheli ama-millisecond angu-50. La madivayisi asebenza kanye namadivayisi ahlakaniphile e-elekthronikhi (ama-IED) okwenza izinto zibe lula kubasebenzisi abadinga ukulawula imishini ukude noma ukuhlela ukulungiswa ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke izinkinga. Lonke uhlelo lusebenza njengamazinga okuzivikela. Ukuvikelwa okuyisiqalo kuyaqala ngokushesha lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle, kodwa kuhlale kunamasistimu okuvikela alindile uma kungenzeka ukuthi lawo ayinayo imisebenzi yawo. Ngokwezifundo zamuva ezishicilelwe kuyi-Grid Resilience Report 2024, amanethiwekhi kagesi anezindlela zokuvikela ezivumelanisiwe abhekana nokwehluleka okukhulu kokuphendula okuhambisanayo okungamaphesenti angu-62 uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezindala ezisasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obudlulile. Lolo zibalo lubonisa ukuthi kungani ukwenza zonke lezi zingxenye zokuvikela zisebenze ndawonye kubaluleke kangaka ekugcineni ingqalasizinda yethu kagesi izinzile.

Ukuphatha Ukushintshashintsha Kwevolthi Okuvela Ezinguqukweni Zomthwalo Nasemithonjeni Yamandla Evuselelekayo

Inkinga yezinkinga zovoltage ivuthi kakhulu njengoba siphatha izidingo zokulayisha ezingavamile nezindiza ezingahlekisa. Izithalashi zihlwa ukuthi kunezinkinga zokwanda noma kwezintandla ezingu-10% xa kunezikhathi eziphelele ngokuvamile kusayensi kaPonemon engu-2022, kanti manje kunezinkinga eziningi eza kusuka kumapaneli wesiliva nezinhloba zovuyiswa ngokusho kwezinsuku uNkulunkulu awafunda kuzo. Lezi ziphaziko ezikhulu zibophezela kakhulu amasipholi ukuthi asebenze ngokushesha uma athini ukuthi ibhodhi liyasebenza kakhulu kumashini amadala. Ukuphatha izivili zovoltage akuyona futhi into ebalulekile kuphela kodwa yinto ebalulekile kakhulu ukugcina ubunzima bezigidi zomthwalo ekujikijweni kwamanzi okwenzekayo apho umoya uhamba kusuka kuzindiza eziningi ezahlukene ngokufanayo.

Abalishi Besitshixo nezinketho Zokulungisa Voltage Ngokuzenzakalelayo

Abahleli be-Tap ku-Load noma i-OLTCs babephatha indima ebakhulu kakhulu xa kufanele kube yinkimbinkimbi ukusabalalisa kwe-voltage ngelika ezingenakho ukuchazwa okwaziwa kakhulu. Le zixhumanisi ziyenzela ukuthi izilinganiso se-transformer sibuyekeze ngaphandle kokuthintela umthwalo wokudluliswa kwezinhloso, futhi ngokuvamile kuyasebenza ngemva kusho kungu-30 seconds. Uma ihlanganiswa nezilawuli ze-Automatic Voltage ezigcina ukubheka nokulungisa izilinganiso ngokuvamile, isistimu sonke sisebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukuletha i-voltage epholile kude. Ngokwesithembiso kwezinhleli eziningi, izinhleli ze-OLTC zimanje zange zilinde izikhathi ezingu-500,000 ngaphambi kokuthi kudingekwe ukulungiswa, futhi ngakho kube yinkimbinkimbi noma kuzindawo eziphathelene ngokuphelele lapho kunezinkinga eziningi.

Ukusebenza kwe-On-Load Tap Changer eziGugungeni eziDulayo zokudluliswa

Izinkinga zovoltage zihlukile kizindawo zezimali lapho i-electricity grids zihlala kude kude. Izinombolo zibala izinga: ezindaweni zonke kubonakala ukuthula kwezingu-8% kuya kuma-12%. Ngakho-ke OLTCs isebenza kahle lapha. Lezi zixweba zilondoloza i-voltage ngaphakathi kwezingu-5% zalo okufanele, noma kulezi zinhlanganisela ezikhulalayo ezinokuba zide kakhulu kuma-50 km. Izivivinyo eziphakade zekhombisa lokhu. Uma izisebenzi zilungise izishintsho zokuthatha, abantu abadlale kude kwezinkundla eziphakeme bathola amandla aphelele. Kumaqembu abasemthethweni ukuthutha ukufinyelela kumandla aphelele, lezi zinhlanganisela zisenza isiphumo esibalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu abane inkinobodlo ngaphandle kwezikhathi eziphakeme noma ukulahlekelwa kwamathuba ngamandla angachaneki.

Izimodi eziDijithali ngeKholothi eLingelayo: Isimo Esibukeka

Amatransformer e-dijithali ayaphindezela izinkomba zokuthini singakwenza ngokulawula ivholthiyeji namuhla. Bayivumela indlela yokubheka ngqo kudatha njengalokho kube yizinsiza ezifaka iminyaka yeminyaka. Lokhu kumele kubhekene nokutholwa kwezinkinga ngaphambi kokuba kuzize, futhi kusobala ukuthi inxenye yezindleko ingcinezile ngama-40 phikithi ekuhlinzeni kwamaphara akhiwe ngendlela ephucukileyo. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ukusebenza kwezimali engcono ngoba amapharametha ayisungulula ngendlela ethile ngokusebenza. Ukufakazwa kwemiphumela kunceda ukugcina ubunzima bwebhodi, okuyisidingo esibalulekile kumakhishini okuphakama apho amanzi avela kuimithombo yomoya nezinye izinto.

Amavholthiyeji Amanziyiso Kusuka Ku-Lightning Naseku-Switching Events

Izinkinga zovoltage zisuka uma umlilo wakhe kuqala kuso noma ngelithi kusebenziswa ukuswitcha kwamandla, ngamanye amaxesha ihlwa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezimbini zezivolumu ngaphakathi kwizikhathi ezimbalwa zezimilione. Izingcingo eziphambene zomlilo wakhe akuphambi kangaka, kodwa lezi ziphumo eziphakade zezivolumu ezisuka kizinto ezifana nokuswitcha kwamabhanki ebhodhi okanye ukucima iziphazamo ziyasebenza kakhulu embangalini. Okunakekela kakhulu kule ziphumo zovoltage kukuba kuzixhasa izimpendulo, ezinokuthi zenze izinkinga ezinkulu kumqondo wokusebenza komfanekiso ngaphandle kokuthi kwenziwe izinyathelo ezifanelekileyo yonke indawo yokusebenza.

Izindlela Ezihle Yokugcina Ukulahlekelwa Kwamandla

Imithombo engaphantsi kwezimali iyasebenza ngendima ebalulekile yokuthumelela lezi zimali ezihlukahlukene ngemphefumulo kumhlaba lapho ziya khona. Le miqondo isiza ekulawuleni iziviveko zokugaya nokuphakama okungcono okungazimisa abasebenzi nokudamageza izixhobo ezinzima. Kwi-substations zomgodi omkhulu, ukugcina umthengo wokuxhumana phansi ngapha kwale nombolo yothekwane ye-1 ohm njengoko kusho i-IEEE standard 80 ikhona ngokungahleliwa uma sifuna lezi zimali zokungahleleki ukuhlehliswa kahle. Okunemphefumulo akusebenzi kuphela emehlweni yokuqhubeka kodwa kunalokhu kuhlala kucoca iziviveko zomthombo ngemini ngemini futhi xa kunezinkinga. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana ngemphefumulo, izikhungo zomgodi awusizo obhete okusebenzela kuzo noma okusebenzisa kuzo.

Ukuthunyelana Kwamathambo Nezishayeli Ukulondoloza Kabonke

Xa kufanele kubeke izinhlelo zezimali ukukhulula kwezimali, izixhobo zokukhulula nezinhlelo zokubamba zibandakanya indima. Lezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa njengeevavu zokuphepha, zihambela umthwalo wokudla xa izimali ziphakamile kakhulu. Ngokujikeleza, lezi zikhala ezizayo ziye zibandakanya izivavu, zibambe ubuchopho ngaphambi kokuthi kuthintele izinxiba eziphathelene nempilo. Ngokwembono yeGrid Protection Research Project yelinye iphondo, le ndlela etholakala kuyo iyahlula izimbono zokungasebenzi kwizixhobo ngokukhulula kwezimali. Iyakwenza futhi ukuthi isimo sonke kube nomkhuba okuningi ngokuphepha kuzinkinga phandle njengezinkangala nezinkinga phakathi kwesimo.

Ukukhathazeka kwezimali Eziningi kumgodi weSubstation

Xa izikhathi zomthwalo ziyakhula kakhulu, zibuyisela izixhobo ze-substation ngokuba zihlala ezintathini ezingaphandle kwezinto ezingcono ngokwesithunzi nokwephatha. Cinga ngento ethetha xa kusenziwa umqhubo opholile apho umthwalo ugcwele kakhulu kune-40 kiloamperes. Izinkukhu zingakhula kakhulu kune-6,000 degrees Celsius, oku kwenza ukuthi i-copper conductors zilahlwe ngokwengezelela futhi kwenze izinkinga ezivuthiweyo kumakhini, amabhuluki wamandla, nezimbobokodo eziphakanyiswa yonke into. Lezo zinkinga azidingeki kuphela ukuthi zihlule izixhobo kodwa futhi zenza imali ebalulekile yokulungisa, ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kusuku sengaphezu kwezinye, nokuthi kube khona izinkinga zokuphepha kubasebenzi phakathi kwendawo. Ngalesizwe, ukuphatha kahle lezi zikhathi zomthwalo kubalulekile kakhulu ukugcina izixhobo ze-substation zisebenze kahle ngokudla kanye nokugcina ubume bokugcinwa kwamandla ekhayeleni lonke lwemfanelo yamandla.

Ukubala Okucacile Kwezikhathi Ezimbiye Ukukhetha Izixhobo Ngokufaneleyo

Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthola izibalo ezilungile zokuphazamiseka kwesikhwama xa kusenzelwa izikhala. Abenginje bahlala basebenzisa indlela yezinto ezingumlinganiso ukuze bathole ukuthini okuhlala kubekwa phakathi kwalezi zimo ezingavumelekile futhi bazalise izimali ezininzi eziphazamisayo. Kufanele bakhathaze izinkinga ezifana nokukhazimba kwezinhlelo zotransformer, inani lecurrent abagcina ngalo i-generators, nokulinganiso lwesikhwama se-electrical network. Iziphumo lezi zibalo zabalulekile ekukhetheni izinyawo zocingo (circuit breakers) ezingasebenza ngazo emehlweni enqama kakhulu, ukukhetha izinyawo zocingo (current transformers) ezingayizange zihlukunye ngokomlando, nokukhetha izinkcazelo zebusbar ezingabi nempela engaphezu kwesithelo sokwanda nezintshukumo zemipango. Uma akulula lokho kakhulu, siza kudlula ngobubi bezixhumanisi emuva kwalapho noma sasedlula imali kakhulu ekwakha izinxhiba ezingapheli ngendlela ethembekile kakhulu kuye.

Ukusebenzisa izilimi zokuphazamisa kwe-Fault Current nezixhumanisi ze-High-Interruption-Capacity

Xa kusekelwa kungcola kwamandla okushisa okukhulu kakhulu, izilimi zocindlelo (FCLs) ngokuhlanganisa nezibhedlela eziphakeme kakhulu zomlando zidala indima eyakhe. Lezi zilimi zifana nezinhlayiya ezisemgcineni, izinhlayiya ze solid state, kanti futhi lezo esetshenziswa yizinhlelo zokunxusana. Zisebenza kakhulu ngokushesha, zibambeza amandla ocindlelo ngaproximately 80% ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana engu- few, lokhu kusiza ekukhuliseni izixhumanisi zonke ezigcineni. Izinyosi zezimali ze-SF6 ne-vacuum ezisha kakhulu zazange zibonakale zisetshenziswa ngokwanele ukulawula amandla okushisa aphezulu kunoma 63 kiloamperes. Ngokwembono yezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlolwe ngoqobo olwasekupheleni kwegama eldala, izinkundla zokwakha kwezimali ezinazo lezi zixhumanisi zazange zaziqashelwe izigaba eziningi zokuhluka kwemali ngezikhathi zocindlelo kunazo ezenziwa ngendlela ephumelelayo. Lokhu kuyakhe kakhulu ekugcinweni kwebhodi yesiseko sokushisa ngokunwaba kwezimali ezihlathile kumgangatho wokusebenza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini eyenza amandla ashintshashintsha emasethi akhiya?

Ukuguqulwa kwezimali kubangelwa ngokushesha kwebandla, izindlela ezingavumelekileyo zezimali ezithutha, nokusebenza kwegridi yenethiwekhi.

Kunjani ukuthi izikhungo zamanje zihlenzelela ubuguquleka bezimali eziphakeme?

Izikhungo zamanje zifaka izilawuli zevolthi nezinhlobo zezimali zokugcina ukuhlanjulwa nokwephula kwizimali, okususa izikhiphini ngendlela ephakeme.

Yisiphi isinqumo seziteknoloji zenethiwekhi esihlakaniphileyo ekunxulumene nesimo sezikhungo?

Iziteknoloji zenethiwekhi esihlakaniphileyo zakhathazeka ngokuzenzakala nokulawula ngokuzenzekala, zibambelela ukuphula kwezimali futhi zihlanjulise ukuthuthwa kwezimali ezingavumelekileyo.

Kunjani ukuphulwa kwevolthi kusuka kumathuba ethuthayo akhona?

Ukuphulwa kwevolthi kusuka kumathuba ethuthayo akhona kuphulwa ngokusebenzisa OLTCs nezilawuli zevolthi zenzekelayo ukuze kugcinwe imali engcotshwayo.