Kunjani Ukukhetha I-Switchgear Elekthrikile Ekhulu Kakhulu?

Ukubala Izidingo Zesistimu Elekthrikile Nokuvoltela

Ukubala ukuvoltela, ukudonsa, nezinhlobo zokulayisha kwezinhlelo-mgodi elekthrikile

Ukuthola izilinganiso ezifanele zokuvoltywa, amandla, nokulingana okulawulwa kakhulu kuyisisekelo sokukhetha iswitchgear esihle. Xa kubhekwa izici, abantu kufuneka bakhokhe izinto ezithile njengezilinganiso zokuvoltywa zomqondo nomkhangeli, uhlobo lwemandla engalawulwa ngokuvamile nabazuzu, kube yini inasebenza kumathuba ase-50Hz noma ase-60Hz, futhi kanjani indawo efakelwe khona. Uma kusenziwa iphutha kuleli datha? Oku kusho ukuthi izixhobo zizoveza noma konke okungcono, izinkinga zokuphepha ezinokwenzeka emva kwalokho. Akukho muntu ofuna ukuxhumanisa nalezi zinkinga, ngakho-ke kwenza kahle uma ungcwalisa inzuzo yokuchekisa konke lokhu kuqala kabefore ekuthengeni.

Ukuziqonda kweswitchgear yamandla aphansi, aphakathi, neyamandla aphezulu

Indlela esilinganisa ngayo amandla okuvula ayephatha indima enkulu ekukhetheni uhlobo olwakhiweyo lweswitchgear kulolu daba. Izinqamuzi ezisebenzayo kumandla okuphansi ngaphansi kwemivili engu-1000 yizozibona zonke izintwa ngemini ngesihlwa emakhaya namaphoyisa kuwo wonke indawo. Xa kube yizinkinga eziphakathi phakathi kwe-kV 1 kuya ku-kV 35, lezi ziqale ziyinkimbinkimbi kumsebenzi omkhulu njengezithuthi noma izikhalini ezidinga ukulethwa kwamandla okulungile. Kanti kanjalo kukhona lezi zinkinga ezide ukhulu ngaphezu kwe-kV 35 eyaletha amandla amakhulu okuthunyelwa endaweni ebusuku. Okuqukethe akuyona kuphela amanani ephepha. Izinga lezilungiso likhulula kakhulu, izici zokuphatha kufanele zilungise izidingo, nezibongo zokuphepha ziyekwa ngokusheshayo njengoba amandla avutha phezulu. Ngokwayo, lokhu kwenza amahhala aphatheke kakhulu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucwangciswa komthengo xa kusekelwa kumandla okuphansi.

Ukulinganisa iswitchgear ngokulinganisa nokulahlekelwa kwamandla

Ukuthola isayizi engeyiyo kudinga ukubheka izidingo ze-eload njalo ngokujwayelekile kanti futhi kuthintana ngenkathi kunezinkinga. Qalisa ngokufunda ukuthi yini elidala kuyilipha kodwa ungahlali ukuthi uthathe inhlaka xa kuguqulwa phambili. Isidingo esibalulekile esinye kukuthola ukuthi kunezinkinga zingaki izinkinga zokudla kusendaweni yokufaka. I-switchgear kumele ihlale ikhushuma leli ghuba ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwezinto noma kungashintsheli. Abasebenzi abaningi abaningi kuthembisa ukuthi kuthathwe kusukela ku-15 kuze kube ngu-25 iphesenti ngaphezulu kusukela kuzo zonke izibalo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukuthi izinhlelo zilindele kabanzi futhi zihandle izinkinga ezingalindelekile ezingaphela njalo xa zingalindelekile.

Ukukhetha izindlela zokuphepha: Izikwele zomgodi nezinhlangothi kwi-switchgear yezinhlelo zezinhlelo zezinhlelo

Ukukhetha phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene okuvikela kunethonya ngempela endleleni uhlelo olungaguquguquka ngayo nokuthi luhlobo luni lokugcinwa okuzodingeka ngalo endleleni. Iziphazamisi zikhethekile ngoba zingavuselelwa izikhathi eziningana, zisebenze kude ngamapaneli okulawula, futhi zisebenza kahle nezinye izinto zokuzivikela ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zikagesi. Lokho kwenza ukuba zisebenze kahle kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezibalulekile lapho ukufinyelela kungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-fuse asabela ngokushesha ezimweni zokugcwala kwamanzi futhi ngokuvamile abiza kancane kusengaphambili, nakuba uma esephelile, kudingeka ashintshwe ngokuphelele. Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhetha phakathi kwalezi zinqumo kuxhomeke ekucindezelekeni kwesabelomali, ukuthi ochwepheshe bangakwazi ukuzisebenzisa kangaki izinto zokusebenza, nokuthi imithwalo izwela kangakanani ekushintshashintsheni kwamandla. Izitshalo eziqhuba ubusuku nemini zingase zikhethe iziphazamisi naphezu kwezindleko eziphakeme zokuqala, kuyilapho imisebenzi emincane enezimali ezincane ivame ukunamathela kuma-fuse ngenxa yokulula kwawo nentengo ephansi.

Ukugcina Inhloso Yethulwini Namaqondo Amaningi

Izici ezibalulekile zokuphepha: Ukukhuseleka kwe-arc flash nokwahlukaniswa kwi-electrical switchgear

Isitshalo samandla okwakuManje sitholakala ngezinhlelo zokuphepha kwe-arc flash kunye nezinto ezihlelekileyo zokudala eziphulaphula abasebenzi ngaphandle kwesiseko samandla. Xa kukhona imbuzi yangaphakathi, indawo enezixhobo eziphatha izixa zibandakanya i-energy ye-blast bese iyathumela endaweni eyodwa ukuze abasebenzi bangafunyanwa yi-arcs eziningi. Le mibandela ihlala ibalulekile njengezindlu ezahlukene ngaphakathini kwegear, eziphulaphula izinto ezjikeleza i-busbars, le miqhele mikhulu emacala yi-circuit breakers, kunye nazo zonke i-wiring ukuba zingaphulaphali. Lokhu kuphulaphala kuthintela ukuthi imiba ingavukele kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokwembono yezigaqo zakugcina zamandla (IEEE 1584-2018), lezi zinyathelo zibeka umthwalo wokuxhasana nokudla ku-1.2 calories per square centimeter, lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi base-servicing bethu banezixhobo ezilungile kakhulu kumshilo.

Ukuvikela IEC, UL 1558, kunye nezigaqo zokuvikela zeNorth American

Ukulandela imikomo ephathelelweyo yesimali esihle kakhulu ngokuphatha nokusebenza kwemisebenzi. Umkhuba wasekhaya we-IEC 61439 ubophelela konke okudingekayo ngokwakhiwa nokuphakama kwezixwebhu zolwandle phansi emhlabeni wonke. ENorth America, i-UL 1558 ithatha indima yokubeka izimfuno abafana ngazo abakhethi ngokwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamathuba athile. Xa kubhekwa le miko, zibhekene ngezinhloso eziningi njengezinselelo zezinselelo, ukunyuka kwezinkinga ezivumelekile ngexesha lokusebenza, nokutholakala kokuphatha izindlela ezimbi ngaphandle kokuchitha. Ukufumana ikhredhenshiyali kwiilaborithori zezintolo zongeza inqanaba elinye lokuvimbela ngokuba le ziqinisekiso ezingavumelekanga ziqinisekisa ukuba iprodukthi iyaphila yonke into ekudingekayo.

Imigomo ye-dielectric, ukunyuka kwezinkinga, nokuphinda kwezikhefu

Ngaphambi kokuqeqwa kwe-switchgear, kudluliswa ngemithetho engamaqondo ukuze kubukekwe ukuthi kuyisiseko sokusebenza. Kwi-test yedielekthriki, izigwebo zihlela phakathi kwe-150 kuya ku-200 iphesenti yevolthi efanayo nezimali zomshini ukuze kube yisimo lezilungiso singasebenzi noma singaphazamise. Uma kufika ekugcineni kwesikhathi eside, abasebenzi bethu bathola ukuthi lezi zinto zezimbobo azizuke ziphefumula kakhulu xa zisebenza ngokumelene. Kunezinhlobo zokurhweba okuphazamise kule ndawo apho abasebenzi bacala izimo eziphazamisayo ezivame ukubuka indlela umshini usebenza njengoba. Lokhu kusiza ukubala ukuthi inkinga ingasimama ngempela amandla amaningi angavumelekile okungaba khona emathikweni ahleleneyo. Konke lokhu kuhlanganisa kuzinzuzo eziphambili zokulawula ubunzima okugcinwa kuzinzuzo zezimali zokusebenza ngokuphelele izinyanga zonke.

Ukulinganisa Ubuchopho Bemvelo Nokuvikelwa Kwemithetho Yokufaka

Amadoda ase-NEMA nokuvikela imvelo kumathiki wezimali zokuhlwayela

Amadrhabi eNEMA ayedefina ukuphatha kwe-enclosure ngokuphakama kwezinto zomphakathi. iNEMA 3R inikeza ukukhathazeka kwezulu lokusebenza kumhla wasekhaya, ngelixa iNEMA 4X inikeza ukuthululwa komanzi nokukhathazeka kwe-corrosion, okuyisisekelo esihle kumzimba ophikisayo okwesikhashana noma kumhla wasekhanda. Ukukhetha irating echanekileyo iqinisekisa ukuthi iswitchgear isebenza ngaphandle kokuthi kuthathelwe yamanzi, ubumbu, noma izinkimbi.

Ukusebenza kumzimba ophezulu kwebhubhubhu, obumbene, noma obomvu

Xa kusebenzela nezimo ezine-humidity kakhulu, kufanele kube yisikhathi sokuthatha i-switchgear enenqolobhoko ephathelene nempazamo yamanzi nakho lezi zihlalo ze-anti condensation. Kuzindawo apho umlambo uphakeme kabuhlungu, kumele sicabange ngamandla abekwe ngokugcwele nakho namathuba atholakala okulungisa ukuvikela izinkonzo ezibalulekile kanye nokulunga kwamanzi. Manje emkhondweni ehlabangela, izinto ze-stainless steel ziyizidingo, ngaphezu kokubeka amabhokisi akhuselekile kanye nokufaka izinto ezingenametali ukuze kugcinwe ubukhona bokwesithunzi kanye noksebenza kwamanzi ngokuphindaphindiwe. Izinombolo zibuyisela lokhu futhi i-Electrical Reliability Report ye-2023 ibonakalisa ngempela ukuthi kuphela kungu-35 iphesenti yezinkinga zokushisa zasezindaweni zokudluliswa zisuselwa ngokwengeziwe kumehluko yezimo. Ngakho ke ukuthola izimiso ezifaneleyo zokugcina kubaluleke kangakanani ekugcinweni kude.

Ubukhona bomthwalo, izilock, ne-inhlokobalo yesikhathi sangaphakathi

Kukhona ukubulawa kwebandla lokumelana ngokuvarying kwemipunga yamakhala kunye namandla okunywa. Izimoto ezinezikhondlo zezixhobo neendikimba zilandela indlela ekuyindilinga. Iindlela zokumelana zibophezela ukufikelela kwiimeko ezingenanto xa ziziphakanyiwe, zangamukela ubomi bomsebenzi. Iinkcukacha zomthwalo waphakade zinceda abasebenzi ngokuthumelela imvuselelo yesiphumo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubomi obuphathekayo kwiimeko ezimbi.

Ukulinganisa Izigaba ZeSwitchgear kunye Neenguqulelo Zokusebenza Kwesilungu

Isisindo esivalelekileyo (AIS) vs isisindo esivalelekileyo ngegasi (GIS) izixhobo zesilungu

Xa kuthethwa ngokukhetha phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa eziphazinyawo (AIS) nezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa eziphazinyawo (GIS), izinto ezintathu ebalulekileyo zihlobene: indawo eqediswayo, imithetho yendawo, nokuthi iyiphi into ekudingekayo. Izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa eziphazinyawo zisebenzisa amahhala njengeyona ndlela yokuhlukanisa, okwenzela ukuthi kube yimali engcono xa kukhona inhlangothi enempela yokufaka konke. Ngokuphambene, izinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ziphazinyawo zibheka kumgodi wamaphazinyawo we-sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) ukuhlukanisa. Lezi GIS zinamandla okuhlukanisa adweba kabili kunazo AIS futhi zixhumanisa nge-1/10 kuya ku-1/3 yenhlangothi ehlotshelwa kuzo AIS ezifanayo. Yebo, i-GIS inemali ephezulu ngaphambi kwalokho futhi idinga izibophezelo ezithile, kodwa abaningi abasebenzisa amandla bafuna lokhu ngokushintsha kuzindlela eziphakeme emaduleni, ngaphakathi kwamakhaya, noma emakhundleni etholakala kuzo izimo ezikhulu lapho ubunzima bukhona.

Inkinobeko yokukhutha isikhamphuthi kanye nezinkcazelo zokusebenza

Ukukhazimba kwegunyathi kuyiNdiketa ethinta imiphumela. Iswitchgear yamanzi-olondolozi kufanele ikhazimbe izimali zegunyathi ezingu-25 kA noma ngaphezulu kusuku 1–3, nezinhlelo ezinhle zikwamukela kuya kuma-63 kA. Izibalo ezibalulekile zifaka:

• Ukuphakamiswa kwezityalo : Okungenani 36 kV izinhlelo zamanzi-olondolozi
• Isilinganiso sangempela somthwalo wamaperengu : 630A kuya kuma-4,000A izinhlelo ezinhle zokwahlukanisa
• Isikhathi sokulima gunyathi : ≤ izikhathi ezingu-5 (83 milliseconds) ukususa ngokushesha gunyathi
  Lezi zibalo zihlinza ukuthulwa kwezinhlelo ngexesha lezinkinga kwaye zixhasa imisebenzi engavukanga.

Ukuthulwa phakathi kwebhenge lezimali kanye nokufanele kwebhenge

Ngokuqinisekile izindleko ziyinto abantu abayicabangela kuqala lapho bekhetha, kodwa okubaluleke ngempela ukuthi imishini ingakwazi yini ukwenza umsebenzi ngendlela efanele. Izingxenyekazi zekhwalithi engcono zibiza imali eningi ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zivame ukonga phakathi kwamaphesenti angu-20 kuya kwangu-40 ezindlekweni eziphelele ngoba azidingi ukulungiswa, zisebenza kahle futhi azibangeli ukuvalwa. Iqiniso liwukuthi iningi lalokho okudla isabelomali kwenzeka kamuva. Cabanga ngazo zonke lezo zindleko zokulungisa, amandla alahlekile, nokukhiqizwa okulahlekile ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka kukagesi lokhu kwenza cishe amaphesenti angu-60 kuya kwangu-80 alokho izinkampani ezichitha kukho esikhathini eside. Ngakho ukuchitha imali eyengeziwe manje ezintweni eziqinile, ezakhiwe kahle empeleni kunengqondo ngokwezimali esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuhlela Inani Lesikhathi Eside: Ukugcinwa, Ukwehla Kwesilinganiso, Nokukhethwa Komthengisi

Ukwakheka kwe-modular, ukuqapha okukude, nokuhlanganiswa kwe-smart switchgear

Isitshalo somdlalo otholakala kuvumela ukuvuseleka ngokuchukile ngaphandle kokubuyisela konke isistemu, kuvikela ukutholakala. Ukubeka isimo esingaphandle kuvikela ukulungiswa ngaphambilini ngokulandela ubomi, ubude, nokulahlekelwa kwezinqamlezo, kuyekela izinyawo ezingavunyelwanga ngakwa-45%. Ukudibanisa ngempumelelo kumapulatifomu we-IoT kusinika izidingo ngemizuzwana, kuvikela ukufunda kwezindlela zokusebenza kanye nokunyusa ubude bokusebenza kwamathulini.

Ukuchazwa kwebudgethi yomphakathi: Ighini lokuqala kusukela ekugcineni izimali zokusebenza ngokudla

Ighini lokuthenga kuqala lithola kuphela ama-30–40% wemali yonke yokubalwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engaphezu kuka-20. Kufanele kwenziwe ukuchazwa okuphelele kubudgethi kufikela ekubekeni ubukhona bekulungiswa, izimali zokulahlekelwa kwezimali, izindleko zokulungiswa, nokungabi namaxesha apheleleyo. Isitshalo somdlalo esiphathelene sikhona sibonisa ukuthembekile kanye nefayinti, okuthi kuthetha ukutholakala kwezimali zokusebenza ngokudla ngaphandle kokuthinta igini eliphakade.

Ukukhetha umrhumi onembile yokudluliswa kwamandla: Inkxaso, inkweba, nezihlalo zombono

Kumele ukukhethwa kwegijana kusuke kwezimali ezinezinsiza, inkcubeko yokuphendula yomsindo, nokusebenza okutholakeleyo emkhakheni. Dondela inqubo yesivumelwano ngemigomo nemisebenzi, ukufakelwa kwamafundo, nokwenzekayo okwabelana ngokusho kwemiyalelo efanayo. Abagcini abaheadla banezinqumo zokuzisa ngokude, izindaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo, nokufinyelela kumazwi abonisa ukuthembekileko ngenhloso yezimo zomhlaba.