I-Unit Yokubuka Kwesikhundla: Iziphakamiso Zokugcina Okuphakeme Kwezinhlangano Zokusebenza Kwemithombo Yomkhakha

Kungani i-Ring Main Units eziphakeme ziyidingekile kuma-grid asezingeni zaseNingizimu

Okungafanele kwezikhundla kwezinhlangano nokuphakama komlando wezinkampani zokugcina amandla ezihlukanisiwe, nezobukhulu be-grid

Ngakumbi abantu bakhwehla emizini—manje kunezinkulungwane eziningi kunezimbili zezinkulungwane zomhlaba zihlala emizini—ukuthola indawo yokusebenza kwemithombo yezimemo zokugcina izi-ekhalu kwenza ukuba yinkulungwane eyodwa. Izisubstasioni zezintandokazi ziyasebenza ngendawo efanayo nezindawo zokudlala i-football, okungaqondakali kahle emizini engeziwe ngenkulu apho imali yokuthengiselwa kwesithutha kuyabona ku-$740,000 ngalinye ngokwesibonelo sika-Ponemon Institute esitholakile ngo-2023. Ngakumbi, izimo zokuphepha okungazange kubonakale kanye nokuthanda kabanzi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ngokwesithunzi kusiza ukuthi sifune izinhlelo zokugcina izi-ekhalu ozinokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthi zikwazi ukusebenza uma izinqamuleli zingasenzi. Ukuphepha kwesithunzi kuphela kuyabeka amathuba okuhlanza kwezinhlelo zokugcina izi-ekhalu kuyabona ku-$150 billion ngonyaka ngokwesibonelo sika-World Bank esitholakile ngo-2023. Lokhu kuyabusa izinhlelo zokugcina izi-ekhalu kuizinhlelo ezincinci, ezinokuphila kahle. Izinhlelo zokugcina izi-ekhalu zezincinci zeziququ ziyabonakala njengesiphumo esihle lamanje. Lezi zinhlelo zeziququ ziyagcina izi-ekhalu ngokuphelele emizini ngaphandle kokuthi zidinge isithutha esincinci noma zihlanze amaphansi nezindawo zokuhlala.

Ukuthi ukuthi i-Ring Main Unit (RMU) ibe yinkulu njani kuyadlula umkhawulo wendawo emizini enkulu

Amathuluzi we-Ring Main Unit (RMU) ayabeka amaphuzu okusuka kwezindawo ngokubheka kakhulu ukuncamela—akubhala indawo engaphezu kwe-70% engaphezu kwezinto zokugcina ezisemthwakweni. Amatekhnoloji we-gas insulation (SF6) ne-vacuum interruption ayancamela iziqephu kuqephe lokhuqo, iziqephu esikhundleni sokugcina esizimele, esizimiselwe kuzindawo ezingazisekelwa ngaphambi:

Le lokhu kubonisiwe kwenyakaza: i-grid yaseDowntown yaSingapore iyasebenzisa i-RMUs zemhlabathi ngaphansi kwamandla amashumi ayisithupha (80%)—kufikwa kwe-N-1 yonke yokuphelela ngaphandle kokuthinta izinye zezinyawo. Ngokusula izinkinga zomhlaba ngokunikeza ukuzimela okwenzelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-RMUs ezingaphansi zenhloso ziyabeka isibalo esikhulu sokuvuka kwe-grid yasezindaweni ezinokukhula nokubaluleka kumaqhinga amadala.

Amasiko Okuhlelwa Kuyizindlela Zokuhlukanisa i-Ring Main Unit

Izinto ezihlukanisa igasi (SF6) nezinto zokuhlukanisa ivacuum ukunciphisa indawo

Ukubhalwa kwe-RMU eshiyekile kuthola ukunciphisa ubukhulu ngokukhulu, okungakhathaliseki ngamathuba amabili amakhulu: ukubhalwa kwe-SF6 nokusebenza kwemithambo yokuqhubeka kwe-vacuum. Ubukhulu bekuphakanyiswa kwe-SF6 kuyi-3 ngokuphelele kubukhulu bekuphakanyiswa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinyawo, okusho ukuthi amandla ayakwenzeka ngokufanana noma kufanana ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokuthi kuzoba yini ukugcina kwezinyawo zokugcina. Lokhu kusiza abahambisi ukunciphisa ubukhulu bekubhokisi ngokuphelele ngo-40% kulokho okwenziwa ngamathuba asezingeni lezinyawo. Kube kunezinkinga zokugcina kwe-vacuum futhi. Lokhu kucimba kabanzi izikhumba zokugcina ezinkulu, okusho ukuthi isikhumba sokuguqula sisebenza ngokuphelele ngo-60% ngaphansi kwalokho okwenziwa kabusha. Uma kubhekwa kabanzi, lokhu kuthola ukuthi akukho umsebenzi wokulungisa okunqamuka ngokuphelele eminyakeni eyinkulu yokusebenza. Abasebenzi bokugcina kubonisa ukuthi kubonakala ukuthi kubona ubukhulu bekuphakanyiswa kwe-99.98% uma lezi ziqondiso zisetyenziswa emaphakathini amakhulu ekugcineni. Futhi masibhekelele kubuhlungu be-mali. Imali yokusebenza kubizwa ngokuphelele ngo-30-35% ngokubanzi kwezinkokhelo zokusebenza.

Ukubhala isiphumo esihle nokusetyenziswa kwezinhlangano zokulondoloza ezithunywa ngokuphelele ukuvutha okungahlinzeki ngaphandle kokukhula kwezinhlangano zokulondoloza

Amathuba ase-RMUs ayisiphumo esihle kakhulu kubukhona kwezinhlangano zokubhala isiphumo esihle. Amapharti amahle angavamile ekugcineni, futhi amapharti amahle asebusbar angena ngokushesha, njengoko kufanele kuhlanganise amapharti amahle ase-circuit breaker, abazimele ukwenza izinhlangano ezihlukene kodwa zihlukene ngokuphelele emseleni wokubhala isiphumo esihle. Amasistimu amasha asetyenzisa izikhundla zokuphatha okushesha ezithunywa ngokuphelele, ezikhangela izindlela zokuphatha kwezinkathi, ukuphatha kwezinhlangano zokuzimela, nokuphatha kwezinhlangano zokuphatha, ngokuphelele, futhi lezi zikhundla zokuphatha okushesha zinokuhlukanisa izinkinga ngemizuzu eyishumi nemibili yezindlinga zokuphatha. Lezi zikhundla zokuphatha okushesha zibuyisa ukunakekela amakhelini okulondoloza okwesibili ngaphandle kwesikhundla sesibili, futhi zibuyisa isikhundla sokubhala isiphumo esihle ngokuphelele ngokuphakeme kwezindlinga zokuphatha zokuphatha, futhi zifika kuwo wonke amandla okulondoloza okwesibili we-IEC 62271. Lokhu kuthetha ukuthini kwezinhlangano? Ngokuphakeme kwezindlinga zokuphatha zokuphatha, ngokuphakeme kwezindlinga zokuphatha zokuphatha kwezinhlangano zokubhala isiphumo esihle zokuphatha, okuyinto ebalulekile kakhulu lapho kufanele kubuyiselwe izikhundla zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokuphatha zokup......

Ukusebenzisa Kwezinye Iindawo Zomdwebo: Imisebenzi Yokugcina Isikhundla Somthwalo We-Ring Main Units

Ukuguqula Kwemithwalo Yezindawo Zokuphatha Nokufaka Emaphakathini NgaseTokyo NaseSingapore

Tokyo ibhekana neprobhilemu elikhulu xa kufikwa ekutholeni isikhundla sesibhakabhaka seziliveli ngokwezinye, ngoba umhlaba phansi kuyo akukho mhlaba owenzekayo. Ngokufaka amaphuzu ayezinkampani (RMUs) angaphezulu kwezinto zokusebenza zokuzimisa, abaphandi besebenzisa isikhundla esingaphezulu ngemiphumela yezinkampani ngokuphelele ngeminyaka engu-60%. Lokhu kusiza ukugcina izinkampani zokusebenza zezindawo eziqashwayo ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokubuyisa okusha. Kwenyathelo yaseSingapore, bayenziwe ngendlela eyafanayo ngokufaka amaphuzu ayezinkampani (RMUs) phezulu kwamabhangi ngokuphelele kwezindawo zokusebenza ezihlukene. Lezi zifakwa phezulu kwamabhangi zisewenza konke ukuthenga kwesiliveli kwezindawo eziphezulu kakhulu, ngakho akukho inkinga yokubuyisa izibhakabhaka zokusebenza zezindawo zokusebenza ezizimele ezizokuthatha isikhundla esikhulu kwezindawo zokusebenza. Lokhu esibona khona kukuba lezi zinkampani ezihlanganisiweyo ziyakwenza izindawo ezingazange zisebenze njengokuba zibe yizindawo zokusebenza kwezinhlobo zokusebenza kweziliveli.

Ukugxilwa kwezinkampani kwezindawo zokusebenza ezihlukene nezindawo zokusebenza zezindawo zokusebenza

Lamanje, abadli baphatha ukufaka amaqhina ase-RMU ngokuvuza kumashifti wokusebenza emizini yezinkundla ezingaphezulu, okuyisiphumo sokukhupha isikhala sesithili esingahlanganiswa emaphondweni ngeminyaka engu-40%. Kulezi zinkundla zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene ezinabantu abaningi, ukugcina lezi ziqhina zase-RMU kusiza ekunzuleni kwezinkinga zokubusa ngezinye ngokushesha uma kudingeka. Yize kuphela ukudibanisa amaqhina angaphezu kanye nokudibanisa amaphethini okuhlinzekwa ekupheleni kokuthanda kwezindawo zokusebenza ngezinye ngokushesha kanye nokuguqula izinkinga zokusebenza kwesithili ngokuphela kwezinye ngokushesha. Isibonelo esikhulu lapha kukuthi lokhu kufakwa ngokuvuza kuzikhipha kabusha ingxenye yokungafiki kwezinkundla zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokubhekana ngokuphela kwezinkundla zokusebenza zokwenzela, abasayizi bangabona kuphela ngokuphela kwezinkundla zokusebenza zokuphela kwezinye ngokushesha, okwenza umkhosi wesithili ubalulekile ngokuphela kwezinye ngokushesha kwezinye ngokushesha.

Ukubaluleka Kwemithambo Yezindawo Zokusebenza Ngokuphela Kwezinye Ngokushesha Kwezinkundla Zokusebenza Zokuphela Kwezinye

Amaphetha wezindawo ziyagcinwa kakhulu ngalinye ilanga njengoba izinhlanga ziyagxeka, konke kuyakwenzwa ngamandla, futhi imisebenzi yedijithali iyadinga amandla angaphezu kwezinye ngalinye. Lokhu kukuthi singadinga umkhakha owenziwe ngokuphakanyiswa kahle ngokuphakanyiswa kahle ngaphandle kokukhipha amandla kubantu bonke. Amadonga ayo aqondile ngokuphakanyiswa kahle (Scalable RMU) ayasebenza kahle kule nkinga ngokwesibonelo ngokusebenzisa amaphetha aqondile ayo okuphakanyiswa kahle (modular parts) okunika amaphetha ukuphakanyiswa kahle ngokuphakanyiswa kahle. Ufuna ukudibanisa izinkampani zokulinda? Yizokufaka kuphela. Udinga ukujabulisa ukujabulisa ukujabulisa? Faka lezi zisensha kusendaweni sokudinga ngaphandle kokukhipha isikhombiso esifanayo. Lokhu kususa imali kwezinkampani ezingaphezu kwezinkampani ezinkulu ngaphandle kokukhipha amandla ngokuphakanyiswa kahle—lokhu okubhekwa kakhulu ngabaphathi bezindawo ngoba amandla amuhle akuvumela imisebenzi yokusebenza. Ukusebenzisa amaphetha aqondile akuvumela ukudibanisa amandla okuvela emhlabeni kahle. Amathuba okusebenzisa amandla okuvela emhlabeni (solar installations) namaphetha okugcina i-EV (EV charging stations) ayafaka kusendaweni esithile se-RMU ngaphandle kokufaka izinkinga ezinkulu kwezindawo zokugcina amandla (substations) kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokugcina amandla kusendaweni esithile (single-point bottlenecks) okuzokungena kuzo, amandla emhlabeni ayagxeka ngokuphakanyiswa kahle kwezindawo, ayajabulisa njengoba izindawo ziyagxeka futhi ziyashintsha ngokuphakanyiswa kahle.

Imibuzo Emaninzi (FAQ)

Izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza ziziphi?

Izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza ziyizinto ezihlanganisiweyo ezenza ukuthi kusetyenziswe imithombo yamandla ngokulinganayo emakhaya noma emazweni apho akukho inzuzo yokubhala umhlaba okunye noma ukuthi kwenziwe izimvume zokusebenza.

Izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zinakukusiza kanjani ukuthi ziphulule izinkinga zokufaka izindawo emakhaya?

Izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza ziyasebenza kusukela ku-70% kancane kunazo zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zezintandokazi, futhi ziyisifundo sokufaka izindawo emakhaya noma emazweni apho kunezinkinga zokufaka izindawo.

Iziteknoloji ziphi ezenza ukuthi izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zibheke kancane?

Iziteknoloji ezimbili eziphambili ezenza ukuthi izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zibheke kancane ziyiziteknoloji zokugcina ngomoya (SF6) neziteknoloji zokuguqula ngomoya omubi.

Izincazelo ziphi zokusebenzisa izinkulungwane ezihlanganisiweyo emkhakheni wezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza?

Izincazelo zokuhlanganiswa emkhakheni wezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zinceda ukuthi kwenziwe izindlela zokuhlanganiswa ngokwezinye, ukunciphisa ukusebenzisa izinkulungwane, nokuphakamisa amandla angaphansi kokuvumela izinhlelo zokuvikela.

Izinkulungwane zezinguquko zokugcina izikhathi zokusebenza zinakukusiza kanjani ukuthi zilungele amandla emakhaya kusasa?

Am-RMU ayanikela ubukhulu obungcono ukwenza izinhlangano zokusebenza kwezimali ngokuphelele, ukufaka amathuba okusebenza kwemithombo yezimali ephakanyisiweyo, nokulandela ukuthuthukiswa kwebhurbs ngaphandle kokuguqula ngokuphelele.