Izinkampani Zokugcina Ivolthu Engaphansi: Imibuzo Yokuvikela Ukufaka Nokusebenza

I-Switchgear Yokuvalelwa Emphakathini Yiyiphi Na Kungani Kubalulekile KuMisebenzi Yokuqala Yomthombo Wokusebenza?

Izinkampani zokuguqula umoya ozimnye, okanye izinkampani zokuguqula umoya ozimnye (LVS) ngokusho kahle, ziyinhloso yezinto zokusebenza kwemithombo yomoya - kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 volts AC noma 1,500 volts DC. Lezi zinhloso zihlalisa amandla emithombo ka-manyanga ngendlela eyisibili. Okokuqala kuzikhubela kubonakalisa izinto zokuphakama kakhulu kanye nezinkambiso zokugqibela. Okwesibili kuyavumela ukugqibela ngokuvunyelwa uma kufuneka kufundiswa. Kwaye okwesithathu kusiza ekukhuliseni indlela yokuhamba kwamandla ngendlela yothando. Lokho okwakungaba yizinkampani zokuguqula umoya ozimnye kuphela zazibonakaliswa ngokusho kahle, kuzoba kubangelwa kabanzi kuleli xesha. Amathuba asezingeni lemandla kuleli xesha ayenziwa ngokuthembekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-LVS ephakeme. Iindlela ezintathu zokuphatha amandla aphakeme kunezinye izinto zokuphatha amandla kwiindawo ezininzi. Lokhu kubangela izinkinga zokuhlala kwiindlela zokuphatha amandla kwaye kufuna ukuphatha ngokukhawuleza uma kubonakala ingcinga kwiindawo zokuphatha amandla. Uma asikho i-LVS ephakeme kwindawo, izinkinga zokuguqula umoya ngokusho kahle noma izinkinga zokubonakala kwiindawo zokuphatha amandla zinokubangela ukungcoliswa kwamathuba, ukungcoliswa kwamandla, kanye nezinkinga eziphakeme kwiindawo zokuphatha amandla.

Imithombo yomthelela wasekhaya iyabuyisela umsebenzi wemithombo yomthwalo waphansi (LVS). Uma izindawo zihlanganisa amandla angempela ngokujabulisana nesikhungo sesikhungo sesikhephe, kufuneka kubhekwe iminyaka yezikhathi nezinhlobo zokuphakamisa, ikakhulu uma kuthintwa phakathi kwezinhlobo noma kubuyiselwa emva kokukhupha kwamandla. Imithombo yomthwalo waphansi yezinkampani zingasiza kulezinhlobo ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuthi amandla amangalisa ayebuye kusishilini esifuna ukuba sibe ngekuthula. Aba-ingenieri besebenzayo bayazi kangaka lokhu — ukukhetha i-LVS eyodwa akuyiyo kuphela ukukhetha iziphakamiso ezibonakalayo kuzincwadi. Kuyisisekelo sokuxhumana nokusebenza kahle ngosuku ngosuku. Ngokulandela ukuchazwa kwi-Energy Systems Journal okwakho kugcina umnyaka, izindawo ezenziwe ngokulinganiswe ngokuphelele kubona izinkinga zomandla zizigqamile ngokugcina isibini kunezindawo ezingaqondakali. Ngenxa yezindawo zokuhlela, izindawo zokugcina idatha, namabhotsheli amasheshi, zonke ziqhubeka nokukhula kokukhathazeka kwamandla, imithombo yomthwalo waphansi eyodwa yisisekelo sokuphatha amandla ngokuphelele nokwakha inkulumo ngaphandle kokugcina ubukhulu bokusebenza.

Izinqubo Ezikhulu Nezindlela Zokusebenza Zesikhundla Sokuvaleka Kwesikhundla Esincane

Amaphutha Amahle, Amaphutha Amanye, Namaphutha Okuhlinzekwa

Izinqolobane zokusebenza kwe-DC switchgear zihlanganisa izi-circuit breakers, izi-busbars, neziqukethelo zokulinda. Uma kubhekwa kuleli qembu okungakwazi ukuzilonda noma kubhekwa ukugqibela kwesikhathi esinye, izi-circuit breakers ziyasebenza ngokushesha kakhulu ukuze zilinde amandla okugqibela ayo ekuphatheni izinto eziphatha kanye nokulinda abantu abasebenza. Izinhlangano zezinkampani zisemthethweni zisebenzisa i-copper noma i-aluminum kuzo zonke izi-busbars ngoba lezi zindlela ziyasebenza ngokuhle ekuthumeleni amandla futhi azigcina kahle kusukela kutha umphumela wokuphatha kakhulu noma kubhekwa ukutha kwezindawo eziningi. Iziqukethelo zokulinda ziyasebenza ngaphandle kwezinye izindawo zokuhlola izinto zokusebenza zomandla njengezimandla, izinguquko zomandla, izinguquko zokufakwa, nezinguquko zokuvimbela. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi kunezinto ezingasendaweni yazo ngokulingana nezimali zokuzalwa, lezi ziqukethelo ziyathuma izimboni ukuze ziqhubekise isistimu kabefore izinkinga ezingaphezulu zizocatshangelwa. Konke lokhu kuyasebenza kahle kuze kwenze indlela eyinkimbinkimbi eyayisebenza ngokuphelele kwezivinini esingaba yizinguquko zomandla ezifana ne-1,000 volts AC kwezinhlangano zezindustria.

IEC 61439 vs. UL 845: Izingxenye ezifunekayo ukuzibona ngabafundi

Ukuhlanganisa imithambo yasezweni kufanele kwenziwe ngokushesha xa kubhekwa nokubakha izinhlayiya zokuguqula umthelela wemoto. Faka isistandi sika-IEC 61439 njengombhalo, okuyinto efanele kuzo zonke izizwe. Lokhu isistandi lisicela ukuziphatha kahle kwakwesikhathi sokubheka ukuthi indima yekhodi yisifundo esihle. Hlala uqaphele ukubheka ukuphakama kwezinyathelo, ukuthi amakhadi ayikwazi ukugcina ukuvalelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvalelwa, nokuthi amakhadi ayikwazi ukubeka amakhadi kusodwa. Kube nenye isistandi, i-UL 845, okuyinto abantu abaningi baseNorth America bavumela ngokuchaza. Lokhu isistandi sibhekise kakhulu ekutheni indima yokuqala yebhodi ibe yisifundo esihle, imithambo yokuvikela ukuvalelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvalelwa, nokuthi amakhadi ayikwazi ukubona kusodwa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela, okuyinto ebalulekile kakhulu kwezinhlayiya zokugcina amakhadi ayesimini.

• I-IEC 61439 isicela amaphuzu okubhekwa kokhodi okutholakala ngokuthembekile; i-UL 845 isicela kakhulu ukubhekwa kwesifazende nokuziphatha kwezinhlayiya zokubakha
• I-UL 845 isicela ukuthi amakhadi ayikwazi ukuvikela ukuvalelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvalelwa ngokukhulu
• IEC 61439 iyachaza izihloko zesikhundla ngezidingo eziningi, ekusinikweni ukuthatha isikhundla sokubakha ngokuphelele

Kuma-projekthi awa amanani amaningi, ukuthintana kwezindilingo zombili kuqala kuzokuvikela ukuthatha indlela eyodwa okanye ukuthatha izinto ezibalulekileyo emhlabeni.

Ukukhetha Isikhundla Sokuthintana Sembili Sokunyelela Kwezinye Izingxenye

Ukufanana Nokuthinta Kwemithombo, Izimpendulo Zokuthintana Ngokushesha, Nezimo Zokusebenza

Ukuhlanganisa iziprofili zokusebenza ngokuphelele kumele kube isibalo sokugqibela kwenzuzo yonke. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlale uliste yezinto zonke eziphakanyiswa kusistimu, futhi kule lisitsheni kufaka izinkampani zezindawo, izilayithi, izinhlobo zokuhlanza nokuhlisa amandla, nezinye izinto ezifana nezinhlobo zokusebenza kwezinhlobo. Usizange ukubhala izilinganiso zokusebenza kwazo, ubungakanani bokusebenza kubo, futhi xa bafika emaphakathini okusebenza kakhulu. Xa uyakhokha ukuthi sikhokhwa ukusebenza okuphelele kufanele kuthatheke izifaktor zokusebenza zokuvamile phakathi kwe-0.7 no-0.9, futhi kubhekwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza. Abalungisi abanomlando abaningi bazokuthi kufanele ukwakha ukusebenza okungenabuyisela phakathi kwe-20% ne-30% ukuze kwenziwe ukuthi kungase kubuyekezwa ekuseni. Into engenabuyisela eyodwa yokubheka? Izikhundla zokugcina zikufanele ukwazi ukulahla ukugcina kwezinkinga zokugcina okuphakade kulesitesi. Amasipho angaphezu kwezindawo ezinkulu azinokubona izimboni zokugcina ezingu-65 kiloamperes ngokwesifundo sika-IEEE esazwe ngo-2023. Izinqumo zemvelo zihambisana noma. Uma usebenza emazini aphakathi kwezinye izindawo ezinokuthatha izinkampani, khetha izinkampani zezincamo zezinkampani noma izinkampani ezinephoyinti yepoxy. Izindawo ezinokuthi izihlathi ziyisiphakathi se-85% noma izindawo ezingu-1,000 meters kusuka emanzini kufanele zihambisane ngokulinganayo. Izinkampani kufanele zisebenze ngokuphansi kwezimo lezi, futhi zibe nenkampani yezinkampani ezingaphansi kwe-IP55.

Isimo sokuqondana nesimo esisodwa: Izinkhombiso zokuguqula kanye nezinkinga zokulungisa

Izisakhiwo zesikhundla sokugcina esifixed sisebenza ngamathuba amancane kakhulu kanye nezindlela ezinqanqiniyo zokusebenza xa kusetyenziswa emandla enkulu eyisodwa, kodwa lapho kukhona indlela yokubhekana nalo: akasikwazi ukuthatha isibonelo esihlukile ekutheni kuzoba kufanele. Xa kufuneka ukuphakanyiswa kwesilinganiso, kunesikhathi esiningi kakhulu kufuneka kubuyiselwe konke isisakhiwo, okuyinto eyenza ukuthi izindlela zokubuyisela ziyakhula kakhulu ngemva kwezinsuku zokusebenza. Izisakhiwo zesilinganiso zisethula indlela eyodwa, zisebenzisa izinkulungwane eziphathelene nezinhloso zokusebenza ngokuvamile (plug-and-play) ezinokuphakanyiswa ngokuphakanyiswa kahle njengalokho kufuneka. Idata yasezindustria yoku-2024 ibonisa ukuthi lezi zisakhiwo zisula izindlela zokuphakanyiswa ngemva kwe-40%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinconywa ukuthatha iziphakamiso ngaphansi kwemandla iphuma ngokuphambuka kwezinkulungwane zokuhlukanisa ezitholakala ngokuphambuka kwezinhloso zokusebenza, futhi lokhu kunciphisa ukungasebenzi kakhulu. Kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuthatha indlela yesilinganiso kuyenza ukuthi ubhalela ngemali engaphezu kwe-15% ku-25% kwanoma yiliphi isikhathi, futhi kufuneka uqinisekise ukuthi abantu besebenzayo bafundi ngokuphelele ngokuthembeka kwezindlela zokuphakamisa kwe-arc flash. Kumaqondweni wasezindustria apho kubonakala ukuthi kuzoba kubuyekeka kakhulu, abafuna ukuthumela izisakhiwo zokusebenza ngokuphambuka kwezinhloso, noma abaphanda ukuthenga izisakhiwo zemandla ngokuphambuka kwezinsuku, indlela yesilinganiso iyabonakala ngokuphelele yinkimbinkimbi yezimali ngemva kwezinsuku. Kufuneka kuphinde kubonakale ukuthi zonke lezi zinkulungwane ziyahlukana kahle, futhi ziyagcina ngolwimi lwedijithali elifanayo, ukuze ukuthenga kabusha ngemva kwezinsuku ayibe yinkimbinkimbi eyodwa.

Ukufaka, Ukuvumela, nokusebenzisa izindlela zokusebenza okuhle ngokuphelele

Ukufaka kahle kuyisibonelo sokusebenza ngokuphelele nokuphila kokusebenza kwezinhlangano zezibhalo zemoto zemitha. Uma kufakwa izinkampani, kufanele ukubhekisele kakhulu kwezinto ozikhipha umthwali ngokuphelele ngokugcina isikhululeko, izindlela zokugcina isikhululeko, nezinto zokuzimisa njenge-temperature yendawo, ukusukela kwemitha emuva kwezinkampani, nokuthi kunezinkinga ezithile zokuzimisa ngokuphelele kwezinkinga zokuphila kwezindawo. Qiniseka ukuthi kukhona isikhululeko esifanayo emuva kwezinkampani ukusukela kahle, ukufuna ukufuna ngokushesha uma kufuneka kwenziwa ukuzivocavoca, nokuthi kufanele kubhekwe izindlela zokuphila zokuphila kwezinkinga zokuphila kwezinkinga zokuphila. Usizange ukubheka ukuthi kufanele ukubhala konke amaphuzu amabili ngokuphelele ngokuthi kuyisibonelo sokuthi kufanele kubhalelwe ngokuphelele. Ukubhala kahle kuyisibonelo sokuthi kufanele kubhalelwe ngokuphelele ngokuthi kufanele kubhalelwe ngokuphelele ngokuthi kufanele kubhalelwe ngokuphelele ngokuthi kufanele kubhalelwe ngokuphelele.

Kodwa sibhekisa izinkampani zokusebenza, okusenzekayo ngempela kukuthi sivula amathuba okusebenza kwezinto ezihlukene ngokupheleleyo kubizo lomkhakha wokusebenza. Qala ngokuzama ukuzimisa kwesibonelo esikhiyela ukuthi izibonelo zokugcina zisemthethweni zizokhuluma noma ziyakwenzeka uma kubonakala izinkinga ezingahlinzeki ngokwesibonelo. Emva kwalokho, yeqela emuva kokuzimisa kwesibonelo esikhiyela ukuthi izibonelo zokugcina zisemthethweni zizokhuluma noma ziyakwenzeka uma kubonakala izinkinga ezingahlinzeki ngokwesibonelo. Ungakhohlwa ukuzama izinto ngokwesibonelo futhi: izibonelo zokugcina zokufaka kumthetho ziyakwenzeka kuzwa, qiniseka ukuthi izinyango ziyavula nezifuna ngokulandela umthetho wokusebenza, futhi qiniseka ukuthi izibonelo zokugcina zokuvikela ziyasebenza ngokulandela umthetho wokusebenza. Gcina izirhwebhu ezide zezinto zonke ozizama ngazo ngoba lezi zirhwebhu ziyakwenzeka njengesikhungo sakithi emuva kwalokho. Zisiza ekuvumelaneni izinkinga emuva kwalokho futhi zingahluke kakhulu uma kufuneka kuvumelanwa izivumo zokuvikela ngokwesibonelo ngokwesibonelo sokuthi kuyisibonelo sokuthi kuyisibonelo sokuthi kuyisibonelo.

Ukuphatha ukusebenza kusuka emva kwezinqumo zokuzama ngokupheleleyo. Sebenzisa le mvelaphi yokuzama ngokwesibonelo:

• Yenza izishilo zesithombe sezintonga zokuphatha kuzo ngomnyaka ngamnyaka ukuze uvoniswe izihlanu zesikhungo, ukulawulwa okungafanele kwezinhlobo, noma ukuthwasa kwesikhungo sokuphatha kuzo
• Yenza umlando wokuvavanya ukuthwasa kwezinkambo ngamashumi amabili ngamnyaka ukuze uvavanye ubukhulu bekho kwezinkambo nokuthi kufika kwezibhalo noma ukuthi kufika kwezinto ezilungileyo
• Shintsha i-firmware yezinhlobo zokuvikela ne-logika yazo ngeminyaka yokuqala—kubhekana nokuthi kuyisikhathi esisha sokuvikela kwezinhlobo noma ukuthi kuyisikhathi esisha sokuvikela kwezinhlobo zokuvikela noma ukuthi kuyisikhathi esisha sokuvikela kwezinhlobo zokuvikela
• Shintsha izincwadi zezinhlobo zokuphatha eziyathola izinkambo zokuthwasa (isb. ukuthwasa kwezihlanu, ukuthwasa kwezinhlobo zokuphatha) kabefore ukuthi kufanele kushele

Okokugcina, sithandaza ukuthenga ukufunda okuthile kubagunya bakusebenza—akukho kuphela kumaqondiso, kodwa kumaqondiso okuthile (isb. izinkambo zokuthwasa, izinkambo zokuphatha kuzo) nokwenza izindlela zokuvikela ngokuphelele. Lokhu kucatshangisa ukuthi izinhlobo ziyasebenza ngokuphelele, kunciphisa ukuthi kuhlelwe ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa, nokuvikela isikhathi sokusebenza kwezinhlobo zokuphatha kuzo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

I-low voltage switchgear iyasebenza yini?

Izisikhundla sezivili esincane zisebenzisa ukulondoloza umkhondo wamandla ngokuvikela phansi kwezinkinga zokuphakama kwezivili nezinkqubo zokugxila, ukuvumela ukugxilwa kahle kusukela ekupheleni kwemisebenzi, nokuphatha amandla okusebenza kusuka kusistimu.

Kungani ubukhulu bezisikhundla sezivili esincane bubi kakhulu kubukhululeko bekuphatha amandla okuvela emithambo yezindawo ezinokuthi zihlale kahle?

Ubukhulu bezisikhundla sezivili esincane bubalulekile kubukhululeko bekuphatha amandla okuvela emithambo yezindawo ezinokuthi zihlale kahle ngoba kusiza ekuphatheni ukuphakama kwezivili okungafanani kakhulu kusuka kwezindlela zokuphatha amandla njengezindawo zokuphatha amandla zokuphakama kwezivili nezindawo zokuphatha amandla okuvela kwezibhambo zokuphatha amandla, ukuvikela ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza nokuphatha kahle izinkinga zokuphatha amandla.

Izinqakamba eziphambili zezisikhundla sezivili esincane zini?

Izinqakamba eziphambili ziyizibhambo zokugxila, izibhambo zokuphatha amandla, nezibhambo zokuvikela. Lezi zinqakamba zisebenza ngokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa nokuphatha izivili kusuka kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezindustria.

Izidingo eziphambili phakathi kwe-IEC 61439 ne-UL 845 zini?

IEC 61439 iyathumela kubuchazelo bokuthi ubuchazi buhlanzekile nokubalwa kwemithambo yezinkqubo, ngakumbi ukubalwa kwezinkqubo zokusebenza ngokuhlanganisa, ngaphakathi kwalokho UL 845 iyathumela kubukhwanxa kwezindawo zokuphatha izinto, imithambo yokugcina umsindo, nokwakha izindawo zokugcina ngokujabulisayo.

Ukukhetha iswitchgear esincane sesikhathi sokusebenza ngokufanele kungani?

Ukukhetha kuyindlela yokuhambisana nezinhlobo zemilayili, izihlalo zokugcina ukugcina kwezimilo, nokuzinikela izimo zomhlaba. Abaholi besayensi bayakwazi futhi ukubonakalisa ukuthi izifunda noma izinkqubo zokuhlanganisa ziyafanele kangakanani kubantu bakho ngokwesibonelo nokuqondisa.