Kanjani Ungacindeze Ukusebenza Kwe-Substation Kukhona?

Ukulungiselela Okumangalisayo Ne-Uhlelo Lwe-Substation Ngomusa Wokunzima Kude

Uhlelo Lwengeniso Luthunyelwe Ngokulinganisa Ngezidingo Zokulayisha Nezibonelo Zokuthutha Emva Kwesikhathi

Ukudizaina kahle kwesibayiwa kumele kube ngokuhlaziya ukuthi izindawo ezahlukene zidinga amandla angakanjani ngesikhathi. Sibheka phakathi kwamandla okuhlelekile ezenza izimali, kunezindlela ezingu-4.7 ngaphandle nguye ngonyaka ngokwesithunywa sika-Energy Information Administration esiphakathi kuleminyaka. Abaphlaneni manje baphatha lezi zinhlelo ezihlelekile ezibalulekile ezibizwa ngokuthi stochastic optimization ukuze bafundeni singadinga yini manje kunalokho kudingayo eminyakeni engu-20. Kumele baphendula imibuzo engahleliwe njengekuthini iziphasela zasolari ziya kuba nomthetho obanzi noma inani lamakhina ebhenceli abantu baya kubhaka kubo. Lokhu kwenziwa kusayensi esaphublikashini ku-Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ngo-2024 kuthola ukuthi ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo ezinezinsuku eziningi kungabusa amathuba okunciphisa izindleko zezinfrastructure ngama-18 kuya kuma-22 kabusha ungabaqhubekisile ubunzima bezinhlelo eyona ngaphezulu kuka-99.97 kabusha kangako. Lokhu kuyinto eyodwa ekuguqukayo kuzindleko nokuplanisa ngaphandle komnyaka wezinkampani zomlando.

Ukufakelwa Kwizinhlelo Zokusebenza Okwenzelwe Ukulungiselela Umphakathi Wokugcina

Iziseko zokusebenza ezihlala zibuye zihlale zibuye ziphumelela izinhlelo ezihlanganisiweyo ngokusetshenziswa kohlaka lokuthuthukisa:

Lokhu kufakwa ngokwezigaba kusiza ukusebenzana kude ngezemondlo zomthelelo wasekhaya futhi kulinganisane nemibiko yezimali ephathelene ngenhla.

Isimo Esifanele Sokulungiswa: Ukusula, Usuku Lwesihlwirekisa, Namasibindi Amaneqileyo

Amasimu abelegama amandulo afaka amandla okusula angcono ukuze aqiniseke ukuthuthuka kwemimangaliso engqonweni enkulu:

• Ukusabela kwesihlwirekisa ngokuvuthiwe : Isilinganiso esikhundleni se-8.5m, kunye nodonga we-1.2m ezindaweni eziphepha izinja
• Amasibindi okufinyelela kumagunya : Ubude obuncane be-3m ukuze akwamuke umsebenzi we-EV emshenveshini
• Ukuphepha kwegudla : Sisekelo sikhuphuke 0.6m ngaphezulu kwezindawo zoflood eziyizinsuku ezingu-100

Ukubona ngenye ya yethulathi kuvimbela ukuthi le mininingwane yenza ukuthi izohluko ezihlobene nesimo sezulu ziphazamiseke ngama-41%, nakuba kuhlinzekwa imithetho yekhono ye-NEC 130.5(C). Amathimba ethuqeqayo aqhubeka nokuchazwa kwe-LiDAR okuphinde kabini ngonyaka ukuqinisekisa ubunzima bokuxhumana njengoko umphakathi osingatheleli uphinde uphinde.

Imigomo Yokuhlola Yezinyathelo Nezinyathelo Zokulungiswa

Ukulinganisa ngobuso kanye nokubona ngenye ya yethulathi ukuhlolwa kwiziciro eziphambile

Ukungqina okuvamile kwezibonelo nangenqanawa yokuhlola nge-infrared, sithola izinkinga ngaphambi kwesinye isimo. Ngexesha lemnini, abasebenzi bangakwazi ukubona iingcinga ezimangalisayo njengezixhobo zophazanyo okanye iimpawu zokuhlakulwa. Kodwa ngobusuku, iingcekele zenze indlela eyodwa ngoba zibonisa iindawo ezikhanya kwizixhobo ezigcweleyo ngezimali. Ngokwemfundo yala-2023 ye-ClickMaint, amakhampu ezaqhubeka ukwenza iingcekele zethirmal ngaphakathi kwezintathu zingaka, zithola iingcinga zeziphumo ngaphezu kwama-40% ngokukhawuleza kunazo ezingena kuphela ekujongeni. Mhlawumbi ukwenzekayo ngo-2022 ecaleni esebenza ngama-138kV. Bababonile iphawu elihlambile apho ubomi babuya ngu-25 degrees Celsius ngaphezulu kwebomiso engabonakaliyo ngolimi kodwa iingcekele zenze indlela yokuthola ngokukhawuleza, ekunikelayo into engaba yeyona ifayili enkulu.

Ukuhlanjelwa okuphawulwayo nokulungiswa kwezixhobo ukuze kuthintelwe ukugcwalisa kakhulu nokuchithwa

Izinqumo ezinhle zokuphatha kufanele zibuyeke izimo zasendaweni xa kusenzelwa izinketho. Isibonelo, izikhangala zamanzi eziphakeme zihlengela izihlangu ngonyaka onke ukuze zilungiselele imiba engenziwa ngokunyauka kwegazi. Ezindaweni ezimfutshane apho kukhona igazi esikhulu, abasebenzi bahlengela izihlangu zokulahla amandla ngexesha lonke. Xa kufika ekuthinteni kwezivavanyo, ukubaphilisa kabefore kuba kube nobungozi kungabangela ukuba isimo sobuchwepheshe sibe yisibili noma isithathu ngokwemibuzo yes industri. Kukhona ikompani yokunika amandla embindini ethile eyayiqonda impumelelo enkulu. Bayebangelisile ubunzima bomthetho omuhle ngaproximately 90% emva kokuhlenga ukulunga kwamandla okanye-nyaka, ukusebenzisa iitesti ze-dielectric ngexesha elinesigidi kule ndiza, kwaye utshintshe kwiisolvent eziphuculiweyo ezingelwayo i-Bushnell kumakhangele akhokelelayo.

Ukulandelela izindlela zokulahlekwa ngokuphatheka kwezimfuneko zobulungiswa

Ukubheka imbonakalo yokuhlola ngokudala kusiza izinkampani ekuplaneni ukulungiselela kabefore kuphela kuzothinta. Abaningi abaningi abasebenzisa inkampani yamandla eNortheast babheka imibiko yawo ye-patrol engu-ten years ago bavusele okuthile okuthembekile mayelana nezinkundla zokugcina zedoli. Lezi zixhumanisi zihlala ziqhubeka zenza amagasi atholakala ngobuso bezwa lokuqala kweminyaka engu-12, lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi basemandla bangazama lezi ziphetho ezithile ezibizwa ngama-Dissolved Gas Analysis ngaphambi kokuba kube khona izinkinga, kungenzeka nangezingu-18 months ngaphambilini. Izinhlelo zamanje ze-computer zokuphatha ukulungiselela manje zixhumanisa indlela efaka ngayo izixhumanisi nezidingo ehlala zenzeka emhlabeni mngeni wazo. Ngokomzekelo, ikhaya le-co-op eTexas - laba bathintela ukubuyisela i-lightning arrestors ngokungu-quarter ngokuphawula kuphela ngoba baphinde bahlale baplanisa ukulungiselela ngokwesikhathi se-storms esihlala sihlaselwa kwindawo yabo endaweni yazo, esingakhathalwa ngezinqumo eziphambili.

Ukuhlola Okuphephile Kwesixhumanisi Esibalweni Somnyango Wesimnyakatho

Ukuhlaziywa Kwe-Transformer Ngokulungisa Kwesivinini Nokuphathelene Kwezinkokheli

Izikhathi ezihlanjwayo ze-transformer zingakwamela izahluko ezinkulu ngaphambi koko kuzozama. Ukuhlaziywa kwegesi ethintekile kusiza ekuboneni izinkinga phakathi kwesixhobo, nokuhlaziywa kwegama le-voltage lithi liphinde liyisiseko lokuthi i-windings zenziwe ngempela. Uma ukukhazimula kwe-insulation kugcina phezulu kuma-1,000 megohms, njengoko kuchazwe e-Electrical Systems Report yelinyanga eldede, isithuthi kufanele sibone ubunzima obuphezulu ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ukubuka izinombolo evela ku-National Electrical Safety Report etholakele 2023 kubonisa futhi into ethintekile: izifakelo eziqukethe izinhla yokuhlaziywa zibona izigaba ezincane ngama-40% ngokungahlinzeki komsindo okungafani nazo ezidinga izinhla ngokushesha.

Ukuqinisekisa Imfikayo Yecircuit breaker: Ingcobo Yokuhlukanisa Nokukhazimula Kwezinqumila

Ngaphambi kwezivivinyo zikhethe zingena sebenzini, kudingeka zilandelwe imvume yezikhathi nezivivinyo zezenzo ukuze zingasimama kakhulu uma kudingeka. Izivivinyo zokuphakama kancane kakhulu zihlola ukuthi iziqondiso zihluka ngokushesha kangakanani ngenkathi kuneziphazanyo, ngokuvamile zibheka izikhathi zohlelo phakathi kwemizuzu engu-30 kuze kube ngu-50. Inye indlela ebalulekile yokuvivina ibala amavili angaphansi kwezindawo ezahlukene kumugqa ukuqonda izindawo ezinokuba zinezindlela eziningi kakhulu ezingaqeda umthelelo wamanzi. Uma kusebenzisa izivivinyo zomthwalo, abasebenzi beshintshana ngokubona izindawo ezinkulu ezithile ezitholakala ngokunembulali kwebhokisi. Lezi ziphazanyo zekuxhumeka zihlanganisa futhi ziyenzelwa ngokungu-1/4 yezikhathi zonke zokuhlukupilika kwezivivinyo njengoba kuchazwe emyaleleni ye-Energy Infrastructure Journal ekugcwaliswe ngoLwesihlanu.

Ukuvikela nokuvikela Ngokuvivina Kusobala Ngezimali Efanayo

Xa isiseko esisha sihlangene, siphinde siphulaphulane ngokwesimo se-IEEE C37.09. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukukhangelwa ukuthi kungasebenzisa amandla okuphathelana nokuphinda kuphinde kube khona iziga ezithile. Manje ngokwemvelaphi emadala engakhathalwa kangako, sibona ukuthatha kwakhona izinkampani zashaywa izinhlelo zokubhekisa. Lezi zinhlelo zibuka imbonakalo yezikhathi ezedlule futhi zizama ukubhekisa ukuthini kusobala kuhlinzekwa. Ezinye iindawo zokugcina izixhobo zifumana iziphumo ezilungile ngokudibanisa izilinganiso zokuzinza kwegesi ekhanyekayo (DGA) nezimfundo mayelana nokuthi ziphi na izikhathi izixhobo zihlehlwa kanye nazo. Ngokusho kwe-Transmission & Distribution World ngoHlobo lwelinye, le ndlela ikhomba ukunyusa ubude bezinhlalo zezixhobo kusukela ku-8 ku-12 izinyanga ezengeziwe. Kanti ngokomnotho, izinkampani zilahla ngaphezu kwe-$180k ngalunye uhlelo oliphusiwe ngendlela yokuba angakudingi ukuthuthwa kakhulu.

Izinhlelo Zokuphatha kanye Nokuphatha Izinkinga Ekuhlangothini

Izixhobo Zokulungisa Iqondo: I-Circuit Breakers, I-Lightning Arresters, nezinhlelo zokugcina iqondo

Iisubstation zokwenza amandla achitha iindlela ezininzi zokulungiswa kwiingcinga zezilungu. Xa kukho into eqhelekileyo, i-circuit breakers inyuka ngokukhawuleza ukuze ivale amandla angcolileyo apho akwenzeko ububi obuninzi. Kwiivoltage eziphakamileyo ngexesha lempini nangona izixhobo ziquka kwaye ziphinde ziphinde ziquke, i-lightning arrestors inyuka ngemisebenzi yayo, ihambisa amandla aphezulu. Izingciniso zokugcina iqondo zinezinyathelo zabo zokugcina iivoltage eziphambene kwaye zihlale ziqinisekisa ukuba wonke amandla afayileyo ayohlwaye emhlabeni apho awufanelekileyo. Ngokomdabu wenza ngoYena ophublikisiwe ngoMbusuku wokuDlulwa kwiGrid, ukuba kukho lo msebenzi wokulunga okuphambili unokunciphisa ixesha lokungabi namandla ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini angaphi. Oku kungakhokeka ngoba isistemu isimemezela izinkinga ezincinci ukuba azizange zibe yonke indawo.

Ukusungulwa kweRelay Ukususela Kwizinkinga Ngelishweshwe Ubunzima Bokuchitha

Amarelai yesimprothekthela ayalandela izinkinga ezifana nokuba kungakanani okungenamandla, ukuguquka komgobo, nokuguquka kofreqensi ukuze abone lapho izinkinga zihlala kusayithi. Uma kunesidingo, lezi zilalela zisebenza ngendlela efanayo nezinhlayiya, uzivumela kuphela umntu ongasentabeni osebenze ngokuphazanyiswa kwezimali kodwa uvikela ukuthi amandla ashunyeke endini. Ngokomzekelo, izithuthi. Uma kukhona indaba enguqukayo emva kwezithuthi, isiprothekthela sayo ke yeyodwa esebenzisa okungasebenzi konke usuku oluphelele. Kodwa ukufaneleka kwalokhu kudinga ukulungiswa okucophelela ngezigaba zezamanzi-amanzi ezilungile. Abasebenzi basebenzisa kumele bakhokhele ngokuyisikhathi futhi njengoba imigodi ichangca ngexesha njengoba kudungeke izixhobo ezintsha noma izindawo ezintsha.

Ukulungana Kwezimali Zokuphelisa Nokuvikela Ukulungiswa Kwesikhathi

Nakuba ukuzenzekala kuncike ubuyiselo olukhawukileyo, sekunemizuzu yonke umuntu kufanele akhuthaze ngendlela yokusebenzisa imini, ikakhulu emehlweni engcono njengebhubhu lokubuyisa amandla emva kwezinkomba ezikhulu noma xa kubuyiselwa amandla ngeminyaka. Abantu abazifundile konke mayelana nezinhlobo zika NERC bafanelela lapha ngoba izonozuko zingaba ziyavuka kakhulu kunalokho okucacile kakhulu esimweni. Abantu abasebenzisa le mithombo bafunda ngokushesha futhi. Bajabula izimo eziphulaphulayo kuhlangothi lwamandla, njengalokho kusuke kube khona ukungabi namandla kuma-buses noma kuma-transformers. Lezi zinkinga zibahlakaniphisa konke ukuze kungabi nakwenzeka ukuthi bazodwa uma kungekho into ethile efihlile kuhlangothi lwamandla.

Ukulandela Okusheshayo Nokuphatha Ngaphandle Kwezinhlelo Ze-SCADA Ne-IoT

Izisidindi zomlando zisebenzisa inkathi yokorhambelana kanye nezixhumanisi ze-IoT ukulandela konke okwenziwa. Lezi zixhumanisi zinika ubonakaliso ngokwesikhathi kuze kube yonke emva kwemithwalo, izimo zezivivinyo, kanye nempikiswano yovoltaji, zenzela ukuthi kwenzeke into ngaphandle engayibambeleli ukungabi namandla.

Ukudibaniswa kwe-SCADA kanye ne-IoT lokulandela konke okwenziwa kwiSisidindi ngokuphindaphindile

Izixhumanisi ze-IoT edges—njengezivimba zemithwalo, izikamera ze-infrared, kanye nezihlelo lokuhlola ubunzima bokwenza amandla—zithumela imininingwane ngokwesikhathi kuze kube yonke emva kwezixhumanisi ze-SCADA zisebenzisa iiprothokholi ezihlukene njenge-IEC 61850. Izifundo zokuxhumana kwegcinelele kubonisa ukuthi le ngxenye ikhula ixesha lokutholakala kweengxaki ngama-34% kunazo ezintandazayo.

Ukuhlola Ngaphandle Kususelwa Kwizibalo Ukuxhasa Imvume Yenkathi

Amathayilasi okulungiselela kakhulu akushintsha imininingwane yaseLizwe NeWebo (IoT) nezempilo zakawonkhe ukuthi ibe yinto eqondene nokuhlukahluka kwezixhobo. Imimodeli yokufunda ngomshini ethuthwayo kuze kube khona izimo ezingu-120,000 zokuphazanyika kwesithuthi kusenzoza ukuthi kubekwe isilinganiso sokuphazanyika kwebhodi yesitshezi esiphindeke phansi ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-6–8 ngeyikhiya ezingu-92% (Ingcango Yethente Yokugcina Kwesicelo 2024), lokhu kuvumela ukuthatha izixhobo ezisha ngexesha apho kungenanto encinane.

Ukulawula Izixhobo Zokuphazanyika Nokuthenga Imibhalo Yeziganeko Ngokukhawuleza

Izixhobo zeSCADA zibeka indima ekhethekileyo kwizixhobo zokuphazanyika ngokusebenzisa iimatriki ezivavanywa ngokwendima, zahlukanisa iziganeko ezibalulekileyo—njengeziphumo zokuphazanyika kwamashixhobo okulahla umlilo—from okuchasene nokuxhasa. Ukuthenga kwemibhalo ngokuzenzekelayo kugcina ixesha, izimo zesixhobo, nezimo zangaphandle ngexesha leziganezo, kuvumela abasebenzi bakhokele iziganeko zokuphazanyika ngexesha elingunye kumahluko angu-67% kunokwenziwa ngendlela eyenziwa ngobumnini.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kutheni kufuneka kube yintoni ubungakanani obuhlelekileyo bomthengiso wamandla osebenzayo?

Kuzothakazelwa ukuthi isidingo sezelemu yezimali sizoba ngama-4.7 ngekhala ngonyaka ngokwesithathu se-Injini Yesayensi Yenkondlo.

Kungani izinkolomo ezihlukene zibalulekile kumfundiso wosindziswa ongaphulanga?

Izinkolomo ezihlukene zinika amathambo ukuthatha izinqumo ezinokuphindezwa ngokuhlanjulwa, ekufanayo nemfundo ye-grid engcono kanye nezinhlelo zokuzimisa, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kusasa.

Ziziphi izincongo ezitholakala ukulunga nokuhlola ngokusheshayo?

Ukuhlola nokulunga ngokusheshayo kunciphisa izahluko zemvula, kunciphisa izahluko ezibangelwa ngemvula, kunciphisa izahluko eziphathelene nesivumelwano nembalelo yekhono, kanye nokuthuthukisa ubunzima besistimu.

Izisindlela ze-SCADA ne-IoT zihle ngani ukuhlola?

Izisindlela ze-SCADA ne-IoT zinika umphathi wezinyathelo ngexesha elishintsha, kuvumela ukuphendula ngokushesha kwiingxaki, kunciphisa ixesha lokufunda ingxaki ngo-34% ngaphandle kwezinye izisindlela.

Iziphi izinqumo eziqhubeka ekulungiseni izixhobo?

Ukuchanekwa kwezinsimbi kusiza ekubaleni ubuhlanhla bokushisa kwemithombo, kumakha ukulungiswa kokulungiselela ukulungiswa, ngakho kuyakhula isikhathi sokusebenza kwemithombo futhi kudala izindleko zokufaka ezintsha.