Kunjani Ukudizaina I-Substation Ngokuphelele Kwezobuchwepheshe?

Izinsuku Zokulungiselela Kwebhokisi Yokugcina Nezinketho Zezixhobo

Iziprincipile Zokulungiselela Esebenza Kakhulu Ekulungiseni Ibhokisi Yokugcina

Ukuplaniswa kahle kwe-substation kusisa ngokubheka izivimbo ze-electrical kanye nokufundisa amandla e-fault kuqala. Lezi zikhundla zikafundisa abasebenzi ukuthini kwezixhobo abadinga ukuchaza kwaye njani kufanele kugcinwe isimo sokuqinisa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Xa kuyenzelwa izixhobo, abasebenzi kumele bachinge izidingo zezivimbo kodwa futhi buplanise ngaphambili xa kuzovutha izivimbo ngexesha. Ubunzima obukhulu nganye ngexesha lokungabi namandla kukuba kuyinto ebalulekile, ngakho ke kumele kucingekwe ngokucophelela. Ukukhetha izilingo ezifaneleyo zezivimbo zibaluleke futhi. Kufanele zilindele kulesizathu esisekile kwi-transmission ngelishwa kunciphisa indlela ekulondolozayo. Kungasekho ukungalingani nokulinganisa kwezixhobo ngokomoya. Izinto ezifana nezivivane kanye nokuthi abasebenzi bangafinyelela njani ukulunga izikhundla kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuyinzuzo yokuthi zonke izinto zisebenze ngendlela efanelekile ngeminyaka. Abaplanisi abanezimiso abaningi bazi ukuthi ukuzama ukulahla imali kuqala kuyinto engayiphikiswa ukuthi kuyenzeka ngokulahleka kwezimali. Ngokuphela, akukho muntu ofuna ukuthi izibhamu zakhe zihlale ngaphandle ngoba umuntu wenzela izinkinga kwisakhiwo.

GIS vs. AIS: Ukukhetha uhlobo lwesibhakithi esifanele ukuze kube nemiphakathi yesimo sezulu nemisebenzi

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) ne-Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) akuyona kuphela indaba yokufunda—kuthinta konke ukusuka ekubeni kuthintelwa yizinhloso zomphakathi kangangenjalo kakhulu njengoba izixhobo zihambe ngokuphathelene ngezinsuku. I-GIS ihla wayisebenza indawo engaphezu kwemithambo evela, lokhu kusho ukuthi kusebenza kahle emakhanda noma ezindaweni apho akukho ndawo eyodwa. Lezi zinhlelo zihlala ziqine kakhulu kumthwalo oqinile, futhi zidinga ukulungiswa ngaphansi kakhulu, nakuba zinezimali ezinkulu kuqala. Ngokuphambene, i-AIS isebenza kahle uma imali iyisidingo esikhulu futhi kukhona inhlaka eningi. Abasebenzi bangafinyelela kule zinhlelo ngendlela ebalulekile ukwenza ukuhlolwa nokulungisa, ngaphezu koko izindleko zokufaka zihlala zilula. Abaningi abagcotshelwa bakhetha i-GIS amaprojekthi afakiwe emaphalakini ahlotshwayo noma emkhosini okuvikelwe apho ubunzima buqukethe into engaphezu kokusho kwamanani kwi-spreadsheet.

Ukukhetha kwezinto eziphathelene nokusebenza: Ithransiphozha, izivivinyo zokugcina, nezikhathalo zokugcina zenzisa ukusebenza kakhulu

Ithransiphozitha ziyisisekelo esibalasele kumagusha, ngakho ke izingeni kudinga ukulandela ngokucophelela kakhulu kakhulu kwezici zodaka bezabo, izinguquko zevolthi, nokuthi zihlenze njani ukushisa. Xa kusohluwa ithransiphozitha ehambileyo, lokhu kusohluwa kubangelisa ukuthini okufanele kuthuthwe kufundazwe nokuthi kufanele kuthunyelwe kanjani izindlela zokulungiselela ngokuphelele, okuphakanyisa ukuthi inzuzo yonke iphathe njani. Kukhophha iziqhamo, ukulungiselela kubo kusho ukuthi kungasekelwe kakhulu kakhulu kwezimali zokuphazanyiswa ngokuphelele ngelinye ilanga libe libonakale kakhulu kakhulu kanye nokuthi kuthunyelwe kanjani izici zokuphazanyiswa xa kuzothutha. Manje izixhobo zokudluliswa kuzo zinezixhobo zokulungiselela kanye nezixhobo zokuphatha eziphathelene ukuthi zilindele ukuthi kuthiwe ngaphandle kwekhanda elilodwa. Ukulandela izimfundo eziphathelene zokusebenza kuyakusidla ukuthi zonke lezi zixhobo zilungiselelwe ngokufanele kuzindlela zokusebenza kanye nezindlela ezingavunyelwa, ukusiza ukuthi izixhobo zibe namandla kabanzi kanye nokuthi inzuzo yonke ibe yinxalenye yekhanda lapho zonke izinto zisebenza ngendlela efanelekile noma kuthi kuthiwe noma yiziphi izici eziphazanyisayo ephazanyisayo.

Ukwakheka Okuhle Kakhulu Kwesiteshi Esincane Nokwakheka Kwaso Ngogesi

Ukudala kwehlelo lokufaka kungcono, ukulungiselela, nokuphepha kwezimali

Ukuthi izikhululo zibalwa kanjani kuthinta kakhulu ubumnandi bazo xa kufakiwe phakathi ukufinyelela i-equipment, ukwenza umsebenzi wezimali ngendlela efanelekile, nokwenzela konke okudingekayo kuzivumelwano zokuphepha. Xa kusabalwa i-equipment, abasebenzi base-engineering kumele bakhathalele ezinzo eziphethwe zi-IEEE ne-IEC akungeze kube ngoba izivumelwano zithi kepha ngoba abantu bathile kumele bafuni indawo ekusebenzeni ngaphakade nokwenzela ukulungiswa kwezimiso ngempela. Isimo sisebenzisa yisikhathi esifushane kukhona okungenani amathuba angu-1.5 emeta etholakala ngalunye ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze abasebenzi bakwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle kwazo ngezixhobo zabo. Kodwa kukhona okuningi kunalo ngaphezu kwalokho futhi izindlela zokuphepha kumele zibone inhlaka yokuthi kungaba khona izinkinga ngenkathi kusebenziswa izinyathelo njengoko. Uma sibuka ezimpondo zamathuba asendlela asetshenziselwa ngo-2024, sibona ukuthi izinyathelo ezihle zokuhlukanisa izinto zibambeza izinkinga zokhwehwa kwezinkinga ngokungu-thirteens ikusasa kuzo zombili izinhlelo eziphakeme apho zonke izinto ziyajambana. Kukhona izinto eziningi ebalulekile ebalulekile xa kusabalwa lezi zinhlelo kubandakanya...

• Ukumelana kwezixhobo ukuvumela ukubuka okubonakalayo kwebhushini nezixhobo
• Iindlela eziyilawuliweyo zokufikelela kumathini okuhlengahlengisa
• Izone zokulahlekelwa ukuxhasa imiyalelo yokuvikeleka kumsebenzi opholileyo

Ukumisela kwebhasebhara neendawo zokwahlula: Uqinisekisa ukutholakala kwezilingo kanye nokulawula kwezilungu

Ukumisela kwebhasebhara kuthinta kakhulu ukutholakala kweendawo—iindlela ezimbini zebhasebhara zinika 99.98% yokutholakala ngaphandle kwe-99.85% yezibhokisi ezingumntla. Iindlela eziphathelene zinika amandla okulungisa ngaphandle kokukhubazeka komsimini kwaye zinikeza ukulawula kwezilungu ngokwahlulwa. Izenzo ezintsha zilandela:

• Izicwangciso zaseGolide kanye nezilawulo zokutshintsha kumasebenzi amakhulu
• Iinkqubo ezinokusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo zokutshintsha kwebhasebhara ukugcina umthwalo wapho
• Ukwahlulwa kwegolide phakathi kwezibhokisi ezilindelana ukukhokha ukulahlwa ngokuthe ngqo kumahluko apho

Ukwahlulwa phakathi kwezibhokisi ezilawulo kanye nezibini ukukhokha ukulahlwa kumthwalo

Ukugcinezela nokuphazanyiswa kwezinhlelo zokwenza izinhlelo zokugcina kusindisa ukungaqondakali kwezimali zomthwalo nezilungiso. I-IEC 61850-3 ishiya izindlela ezimalayo zokuhluka ngokusho kwesigaba sokuvuleka, kanye nezilungiselelo ze-400kV ezingadinga ukwahlukana kwezimetara 4 phakathi kwezithuthi zokugcina nezithuthi zezinhlelo zokugcina. Izindlela ezifanele kuzo zilandela:

• Iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokuthutha izithuthi zezinhlelo zokulungisa
• Izihlangothi zamandla okulungisa izimbono eziphathelene nempilo
• Izinhlelo ezahlukene zokulunga ukuze kungavunyelwe ukuthuthwa kwezinhlangothi zokulunga

Ukulungiswa Kwezimali, Ukucinezela, Nezihlangu Zokulima

Ukuphatha izimali eziningi futhi ukucinezela ukuze kutholakale izimali ezingenaphezu

Ukuphephula kahle kwevoltage okungcono kuyaphela kumiselwa wesilungelelaniso—ukulinganisa ubuchule bezilungelelaniso zezinto ngokulinganayo nezinkinga ze-voltage. Izingxenye ezithelelayo ukusuka kumvubukelo noma kuzindlela zokugcina zingasezingxenye eziyisithupha noma isithupha kanye ne-8 kakhulu kwe-voltage esebenzayo, kanti kube yidinga izindlela ezibophazanyayo zokuphepha. Kufanele izixhobo zokuphepha njengezixhobo zokuthintana zenzeke ngaphambi kokuthi kukhuluke izilungelelaniso, ukuze kugcinwe ubungozi bethonga ngemva kwezingxenye.

Imithwalo yesilungelelaniso ye-dielectric nokuhlelwa kwamandla okuphepha kuzinto zokuphepha

Lapho sikhuluma ngokuxhumana kwe-dielectric, ngokuyisisekelo sibheka indlela yokukhetha amazinga afanele okuhlukanisa kanye nezindawo ezifanele zokungena umoya ukuze kungabikho lutho oluzungeza noma olonakele. Izindinganiso zomkhakha ezifana ne-IEC 60071 zinikeza isiqondiso esihle lapha, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nalokho abakubiza ngokuthi i-Basic Impulse Level noma i-BIL, kanye nesikhala esinconywayo phakathi kwezingxenye kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izici ezifana namazinga ombane nalapho imishini ihlala khona ngempela. Ukuhlanganisa kahle lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhala zomoya phakathi kwezingxenye nezinto eziqinile ezivikelayo zingakwazi ukubhekana hhayi nje kuphela nama-voltage ajwayelekile kodwa futhi nama-spike avamile avela ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kahle, ukwehluleka okuncane kungaholela ezinkingeni ezinkulu kamuva, okungekho muntu ofuna ukubhekana nazo lapho izinto seziqala ukushisa.

Izinhlelo zokuvikela umbani: Imishayo nezintambo zomhlaba eziphezulu zokuvikela ukushaywa ngqo

Isicelo esikhulu sezigaba sokulungiselela kusetyenziswa iimasta ezide kunye neewiri zentloko zangapha apho sithi OHGW ukuze zibhale kube ngamaqanda okulungiselela ngaphandle kweqakatha lektrhile ebalulekileyo. Abasebenzi bengqungquthela besebenzisa indlela ethi rolled sphere xa baphakelisa le ngxaki ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze kudinga ukuthi kuthathelwe ngqo ngaphambi kokuba ukulungelela kufike kwiqakatha ezimeleyo njenge transformers okanye iiswitshi zezixhobo. Kukho nokuba kufunekwayo ukulungiswa kwegunya - ngokuvamile kudlululwa phakathi kwe-200 kuya kuma-300 imitha ngokulingana nokulinganiselwa kwezimo zomnyango. Le ndawo ibhale iingcinga ezikhulu zokulungelela ngaphandle kwegunya ngaphandle kokuvikwa kweqakatha. Iintsamani ezibekwe ngokwemigaqo ye-IEEE ngokuvamile zinika iingcinga eziphambili zokulungiselela, zikweza amathuba okuthathelwa ngqo ngama-95% okanye kangakumbi kwiimeko eziphela ngokuxhomekeka kumfanekiso wophando.

Ukugcina kwegunya kwezixhobo ukulungiselela nokulawula

Ukugcina kwegunya okufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukulawula kwezixhobo ngexesha lokungqinelwa

Izinkundla ezihle zokugcina kubalulekile kakhulu ukuvikela ukuthi izikhala zisebenze ngokuthembekile. Zakha indlela epholile yesandla kumhlaba enemipumela emncane, futhi zinikeza indlela embulali yezimali zokungcola. Abenginje bahlaza ukugcina impembelelo yezinkundla ngezansi kwe-5 ohms ngoba lokhu kusiza ekunqamuleni kwezimali futhi kususa ukwahlukana kwezimali ezibangayo emhlabeni. Izikomponi ezisemthethweni zihlanganisa i-copper conductors ezingakwazi ukubamba yonke into yokungcola, ngaphandle kwezihlangu ezihlanganisiweyo eziyinhloso yokuvikela ukuthi zonke izinto zilindele ngeminyaka yezimali. Ungalibali ukudweba zonke izinto zemipumela. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, lezi zinkundla zivikela izixhobo ezinzima uma kuhlangene izinkinga futhi zisiza izibhedele zokuchaza nezinye izixhobo zokuphepha ukusebenza njengoba kufanele emaphakathini.

Ukuphepha kwabantu: Izimpendulo zokugcina ngemva kokulungiswa nokungcola

Imisebenzi emihle yokugwala ikusiza abasebenzi uma kusebenza kwalapho kuyasebenza noma xa kugcwele izinkinga zokushisa. Kabefore okwenzekayo kusetyenziswa kumgangatho okuthi kugcinekile, kumele kwenzeke kuqala ukuthi kugwaleke kancane. Lokhu kwenza into ithi indawo efanayo yovoltaji, okusho ukuthi akukho muntu angaphazamiswa uma kungenjalo kuthi kuyasebenza futhi. Xa kukhona izinkinga kumganga, ukugwala kufanele kubandakanye izivoltaji ezimbi ukuze abantu bangaliboni lapho bahlala noma baphindaphinda ezinye izindawo. Ngokwesiqinisekiso sikaNational Electrical Code, kukhona izinhlobo zonke zezindlela sokuthi kufanele kugqitywe ngokuhlobene, ukhokhela ubuchwepheshe bokugwala, nokuthi kufanele kuchazwe ngokuphindaphindi ukuze abasebenzi bakhuselwe.

Izinhlelo Zokukhuselela kanye neSwitchgear yokuphatha Ngokushesha izinkinga

I-Switchgear enobulungiswa kanye nezilawuli zokukhuselela ukuthola kanye nokuhlukanisa izinkinga ngokushesha

Ubunzima bokusebenza kwezikhala kuyaphilisa kakhulu kulezi zinhlelo zokuphepha eziphucaka kudinga ukuthi zibone nokuthintela izimo eziphuthumayo ngemizuzwana engu-10. Ngoku, izixhobo zokumisa umnyango zihlanganisa izimali ze-digital nasezinye izixhobo zokwaziwa ukuthi zibone izinkinga njengezimo ezinezindlela eziningi kakhulu noma izimo zokugunya. Konke oku kusebenza ngeminyaka emithathu ngokuvamile: kuqala umali wokubona ukuthi kukhona into engalungile, emva koko iswitchi somnyango sikhuphela into esebenzayo, ekugcineni ukuthintela kwezimo elingcono ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezithile. Okukhomba konke lokhu kusebenza kahle kukuchazwa njenge-coordination esikhethayo, okusho ukuthi kuphela izixhobo ezinduneni ezakthe kumona izimo ezingalungileyo ezingakhathalwa, kuvikela ukuthi umnyango ugcine ukudlala kwenye indawo engavunyelwa. Lokhu kuthintela kunciphisa izikhathi zokumisa nokungabi namandla kwezixhobo. Kuma-engineers abasebenzayo kulezi zinhlelo, ukuthola izici ezifanelekileyo zezimali nezixhobo zokumisa zibaluleke kakhulu: kudinga ukuthi zilandelane ngokuphelele nokuthi izinhlelo zidinga ngokuvamile kumahluko kwevoltage, amandla okuphatha izindlela, nokuthi kunezimali ezikhathalwa kakhulu kumnyango ukuze konke kusebenze kahle.

Ukusebenza kwebhuleya yamandla ngaphansi kwezimo eziphakeme zokudluliswa kwezimali

Izibhedele ezinhle kumele zizame ukumisa lezi zimali ezinkulu zokungahle ngaphandle kokuvikela konke okungahle. Xa kusuke kube luhlaza ngaphansi kwesihlalo, lezi zixhobo zixhaswa ngamandla e-electromagnetic enkulu kunye nemvuthu ephakeme engayihlula ngokukhawuleza. Iimodeli ezintsha zisetyenzisa i-vacuum technology okanye i-SF6 igesi njengoko zisebenza kahle kakhulu ekumisweni kwamathambo e-electrical kwaye zibuyisele isilungiseko ngokukhawuleza emva kweengcinga. Kwiindawo ezipheleleyo zezimali, sibheka iintambo zokumisa phakathi kwe-40 kunye ne-63 kiloamperes, ngezikhathi zokucoca eziphakathi kwe-3 kunye ne-5 iintambo ukugqitywa. Abayikezela bawelisa iingcinga ezithile zokungahle ngaphakathi kunye nezixhobo zokulawula ingcinezelo ezingavikela ukungahle kwe-flashover kwaye zixhale ekugcineni izixhobo ukungahle kuhlakulwa kabini. Kufunyanwa ukuba ibhrekeri inelongo echanekileyo ngokunjalo, ngoko kunceda ukuvikela ubunzima bezimali kumgangatho wokusebenza kwaye uvikele konke okuchazwe ngasemva kwayo ukungahle.

Ukukhula kwezinto zokulinganisa kwiindlela eziphakade kunye neengcinga zokunyuka kwamathambo

Kukhona indima enkulu ukuthi iziqinisekiso zokuthola iziqinisekiso ezinezibonakaliso eziphethwe uma kusebenzisa izivivinyo ezinkulu zokuthembela kanye nesiphazamiso. Uma kuyadingeka ukusika izinhlelo, abasebenzisi kumele bafundeni ukuthi yini inani eliphezulu kakhulu le-load, bahlaziyeneyo inombolo ye-short circuit, baze bahlaziyeneyo amandla okuphazamisa ngaphambi kokukhetha izixhobo zokumisa kanye nezixhobo zokuphepha ezingasebenza ngendlela efanele. Ukubambisana phakathi kwezixhobo zokuphazamisa kusebenza ngendlela efanele uma kubhekwa izikrwele ze-time current (TCCs), okusiza ekukhokhleni izivivinyo ezingafanelekile ngelishwa kususwa izinkinga ngokushesha kufanele ukuthi izinhlelo zisebenze ngendlela efanele. Ungalibali futhi izidingo zezosuku zezokulandela. Izixhobo kumele zibe nezindawo zokuthutha ngokwengeziwe kwezidingo, kanti futhi kumele zisebenze ngendlela efanele noma kuzokhokhelwa kusuka kumphakathi ophuthile kanye kumphakathi ophakeme lapho isebenza sihlatshelwa ngokwayo. Ukukhetha izixhobo ngokwenzima akuyona kuphela ukutholakala kwezici kubhuku, kodwa kusenza izinhlelo zibe makhulu kakhulu ngaphandle kwezimphakathi, kususa izindleko eziningi zokulungisa emva kwalokho, kanti futhi kubaluleka ukuthi izixhobo zilindele ngempela kakhulu kunezidingo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kutheni okuhlukeyo phakathi kwe-GIS ne-AIS emasethembeni?

I-GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) isebenza indawo encane futhi ihlukaniswa emakhanda, ngelixa i-AIS (Air Insulated Switchgear) ibaluleke kancane futhi ikhohlakala kancane kodwa kudinga indawo enkulu.

Kutheni ukulungiswa kwemasethembe kubalulekile?

Ukulungiswa kususa izixhumanisi nezimpondo ngokuthatha izimali zomdla ngendlela efanelekile futhi kugcina ubunzima bokuxhumana ngezinsuku zomdla.

Iziphi izinto ezilandelayo xa kusothwa izithwala emasethembeni?

Abasebenzi basebenzisa izilinganiso zokusebenta, izinguquko zevolthi, nokushisa okuthathwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithwala zifaniswe nezidingo zokubaluleka kwegunya.

Isistemu sokulunga kwezinkuni esebenzayo kanjani emasethembeni?

Ukususa izinkuni kusesebenza ngemasta nezwire yangeziwe phezu komnyango ukuze kuthathe izindlela zomdlalo ngendlela efanelekile, ekulungise izixhumanisi ezinzima ukuvunywa.