Kungani Ukuba Iswitchi Sokwakhela Kuphawuliwe?

Imithetho Emya Yokudizaina Nokwenza Kakhulu Kwizinhlelo

Imithetho Yenkululeko Nekhondla Lokulungiswa Ezinhleleni Zokuphatha Okuphezulu

Ukuthembeka kwezixhobo zolwandle oluphezulu kakhulu kuyaphela kokuqeqesha izinhloso zokulungiswa zejinjiniro ngezibonelo eziphileneyo njenge-IEC 62271 ne-IEEE C37. Uma kufakelwa phakathi, ukusebenzisa iziqinisekiso ezihle ziyenza yonke into. Ngokomzekelo, izimemo zovacuum eziqiniswe ngamandla okusoba eduze kuka-40kA, noma lezi ziphumo ezizinzileyo ezingenanto engeyi mkati 50 microohms. Kungaba nguquke ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo zokuhlambela eziphathelene ngama-95% alumina ezenza umsebenzi munye ngaphezu kwale mlando enhlshane. Laleli nombolo ibekisela lokhu futhi. Uma ubuka uluhlu lwebingo kusukela ku-CIGRE ngo-2019 lubonisa into ethintekayo ngempela - kangakanani (kanti kama-62%) akho wonke amaphutha esixhobo sokugaya ayavuswa ngamanye amaqondo. Okunzima kangekokubili, umbili omusha walezi ziphazanyo ezivuthiwe ngokushesha kwenziwa yiizikhathi ezincane ezilungileyo. Ngakho ke ukuthengisa ematjeni amahle akhona akungcono kuphela, kodwa kuyisidingo esibalulekile ekhokhelweni nokusebenza.

Izimodi Ezibalulekileyo Ukugcina Ubunzima Bokulingisa Kunye Nokuphatha Uthando

Ukulingisa kuhle kubaluleka kakhulu kumakhiyalelo amanzi angapheli njengegazi ye-SF6 eyisebenza kahle emva kwezinkelinga eziquka phakathi kwe-minus 30 degrees Celsius kuze kube 40 degrees Celsius. I-cycloaliphatic epoxy resins yona ingaqhubeka nalesi sici ngapho inquma ubunzima bokwakha xa isetshenziswa emva kwezinkelinga ezingaphezu kuka-135 degrees Celsius, ihlinza ngokushesha izinkinga zokuthinta kwamandla. Xa kufika ekuphatheni kwezindleko zokunyukwa kwezinto eziphakeme, izimodi zokuphatha uThando nezithunywa okungaphezu kwezintathu zilandela i-watt per meter kelvin zenza uhlelo olubalulekile ukulahlaza. Izifundiso zaseNingizimu zifuna kakhulu kumaglazi angezi ahydrophobic; iziviko ezazivakashelwa emkhosini zange zibonise lezi ziphakamiso zihlinza izinhlelo ezivela kususweni kwamandla ngakumbili, ngokomlando ophublikisiwe ngu-NEMA ngo-2021.

Ukubuyisana kanye Nokukhathalela Kwesithembiso Ekugcineni

Izihlelo zomshini wokusungula zimanje zazinzima izibhamu ezimbili zezishayamthetho ngaphandle kwezinye izihlelo zeN kunye nenye indawo yesilinda esinesivumelwano sokulahlekelwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ethathu. Ngokwesiqondiso sase-2023 esenzelwe ngu-EPRI, ukusebenzisa izimvo ezigcina ngokushesha ezibuyayo kusenziwe ukuthi kukhokele kwezinhlelo eziphazanywayo kube yizilinganiso eziphakade 84% emva kwezinhlelo zokulahleka kwe-145 kilovolt. Kwiindlela zokulahleka ezilandelayo i-IEC 61850, izigaba zokudibanisa okukhethiweyo noma i-ZSI ziyafuneka manje. Lezi zinhlelo zidinga ukuqhubeka okungaphezu kwe-milliseconds ethathuthelu kuze kugcinwe isahluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilahleko ngexesha lokusebenza.

Isifundo Sekhasi: Ukuhluleka Ngokunjalo Kwezenzo Ezingcono Zokwenza

Emva kwe-2020 kwakukhona le nkinga ekhulu xa i-GIS engu-245kV yavuka ngoba abantu bathile izibhobho ezizincwadi ngaphakathi kwezinkampani ezigcwele futhi zazingaloli isitshili esinesimilo. Kusini kokubuya? Kwalapha ukuchithakala kwe-sulfidation kwenza izindlela zokuhamba kwesikhwama okwakugcina kulelo phaza elithi phase-to-ground fault. Xa izikhulumi zazama ukulondoloza ngemuva kwesikhathi, zafuna izigapu ezinezingi ze-0.8mm emazingeni epoxi. Lokhu kungaphezulu kakhulu kulesimali esisetshenziswa yi-EN 50181 esivumela kuphela 0.3mm. Indawo yonke yaleli qiniso yekhanda ngemali ye-dollar $740,000 ukuze ichaphazekwe konke ngokwesicwangciso se-Ponemon Institute ngo-2022, ngaphandle kwezihlanu-lishumi-ne-nesikhathi sokuthi igridi yamanzi ayisebenzanga kakade. Lokhu kubonisa indlela amaphutha okwakha amancane angaba nenkinga enkulu yokufa nokusebenza.

GIS vs. AIS: Ukuqhathanisa Ukubaluleka Nokusebenza

Ukubaluleka Kwesithuthiwa Se-Gas (GIS) Ngaphandle Kwesithuthiwa Se-Air (AIS) Ngaphansi Kweqondo Lezimo

Isithuthi sika-Gas Insulated Switchgear, okanye GIS ngokubandayo, sisebenza kahle kungeka sithuthi se-Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) uma izimo ziyaphilaphila phandle. Sisibonelo? Sikhumbuzwe kabonakalayo ngendalo ye-SF6. Lo riko rakhiwe likhumbuzezela lokho kujikeleze ukuthi amandla angafuni ukungena, akunyele ukuthi intambo iphinde iphinde, futhi akuvikeli izilwane ukuthi zilungisele izixhumanisi—lezinto zonke eziphazanyiswa ngazo izinhloso ze-AIS kakhulu. Buka izinombolo ezifanayo zemisebenzi futhi uzobona GIS ekhulula imisebenzi ngama-99.9% noma kuphela emazweni apholileyo apho umoya opholileyo ungaba mbi kakhulu kumagijini. Ngokulinganisa na lezo AIS ezenza izinkinga ezingu-30% ngaphezulu emazweni anengqondo enkulu yezimali nezempilo. Kuyakwenzeka ngempela kungani izinkampani eziningi ziyishintsha manje.

Ubunzima Bokugcina Nezinhlobo Zokuhlola Kwi-GIS Systems

I-SF6 gas inika amathuba athathu okungabi yisilonda kwe-air, lokhu kuyakwenzela kube lungele kangaka ekugcineni kwezinkinga ezimfushane. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi esigcwele kwe-gas chromatography kuhlinza ukuthi ubunye bube phansi kwe-200 ppm, ngelishwa ukuhlola okuphambili kwe-partial discharge kuvikela ukutholakala kwezinkinga zokugcina. Leli ndlela yonke ikhula izinkinga zokugcina nge-80% kunazo ezingahloliwa.

Ukusebenza Kwesithuthi Nokukhathala Okunconywayo Kwi-AIS Installations

Izixhobo ze-AIS zingaqashelwa ukukhathala uma ubunye besimo bekaphaya bubuyekeza i-40°C noma ukulahlekelwa kokulahla kufanelekile. Ukuhlola ngokuxhumanisa kwenye yomoya kubona izindawo ezikhathalayo kwi-busbar joints ezi-23% zeziloko eziphanda phandle—ezahlukene ngaphambi kokuthintela okungavumelekile. Ukunciphisa kufaka phakathi ukulahla okuthandabuzekayo nokucophelela ngokunguquli ukuze kugcinwe ubunzima besithuthi.

Indlela Ebophephayo: Ukuthembeka Okuphakade Kwe-GIS Ezigabeni Nezimali Ezilondoloza

Ukuthuthuka kwe-GIS kuyakhula ngama-15% ngonyaka emalokishini engeyi muzi njengoba kunezidingo eziphazanyayo, ekuphazanyisweni kuphela kwezingu-10–30% yendawo efunwayo yi-AIS. Amadulamnandi ayasebenzisa i-GIS emasibuseni namabhinga amakhulu, apho ukulahlekelwa kwendawo nokusebenza okuhlangene kubonakala ngokwempikiswano yokuthenga kokuqala.

Ukuphila Kwemithetho Yohlondoloza Nokukhokha Imoto

Imithetho Ehlakaniphileyo Yokhohloza Ukuphila Kwezinto Nezindlela Zokukhokha Imoto

Ukuphila okuphumelelayo kudala ukugayaza kwemoto ngama-62% kunokuphila okungaphumeleli (Machinery Lubrication, 2024). Imithetho ethandekayo kufanelwa kuhlondolozwa izinyathelo zombini zokunquma kwizinyathelo zokuvula, ukuchazwa kwebala eliyophakeme kwizinyathelo zokuvula ngonyaka, nokuchazwa kokugayaza kwizimpilo ezisebenzayo ngezikhathi ezingu-8,000 ukuze kubonakale isimo sokugaya.

Ukukhokha imoto ngokuphelele ukuze kuthintwe ukugayaza kwemoto

Ukuhlanganisa ukuhlola okushisa nokutholwa kokukhishwa okuyingxenye kuvimbela ama-83% amaphutha ahlobene nokuhlukanisa emishini engaphezu kuka-72kV. Izakhiwo ezisebenzisa amapulatifomu okuhlola ngamarobhothi zithola ukutholakala okungu-99.97% ngokuthola ukugqwala kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ukuwohloka okubucayi, njengoba kubikiwe embikweni we- umbiko Wokuvikeleka Kwenethiwekhi ka-2024 .

Ukusetshenziswa Kwama-sensor Nokuqapha Isikhathi Sangempela Ukuze Kutholakale Amaphutha Kusenesikhathi

Amanethiwekhi ezinzwa ahlanganisiwe aqapha amapharamitha ayishumi nane abalulekile ngesikhathi sangempela:

Ama-algorithm okufunda ngomshini ahlola le mininingwane ukuze abikezele ama-79% amacala okuqala kusasele amahora angaphezu kwangu-48, avumele ukungenelela ngesikhathi esifanele.

Ukuthwebula izithombe ezishisayo nokuqapha okuqhubekayo ekunakekelweni okuvimbelayo

Amakhamera e-infrared anokuzwela okungu-0.1°C abonisa ukushisa ngokweqile emaceleni anezinto ezixubile ngokushesha okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-22 kunokuhlola okwenziwa ngesandla. Ukuphrofayela okushisayo okuqhubekayo kunciphisa izehlakalo ze-arc-flash ngo-41% ezikhungweni ezisogwini, lapho ukungcoliswa kasawoti kusheshisa khona i-oxidation (Plant Engineering, 2023).

Ukuqonda Okuqhutshwa Idatha Okuvela Ekuhlolweni Kokubikezela Nasekusebenziseni Ubuchwepheshe Be-Digital Twin

Amawele edijithali alingisa izimo zokusebenza ezingaphezu kuka-18 000, okwenza kube lula ukugcina izinto zisesimweni esihle ngokunemba okungu-94%. Ucwaningo lwe-Springer lwango-2023 lwabonisa ukuthi ukuvumelanisa imishini yokuguqula izinto nemodeli ebonakalayo kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwesiphazamisi se-vacuum ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ngokubikezela ngokunembile izinga lokuguguleka.

Izinselele Zemvelo Namasu Okunciphisa

Ukusebenza kwezixhobo zolwandle oluphezulu kuyaphantsi kakhulu kwemithetho yendawo. Ubuhlukani obupheleleyo buhlanga umsindo wokubophezela, ngelixa izilinganiso eziguquguqukayo ezingaphezu kuka-35°C (IEEE 2023) zihamba kakhulu ukuthembeka kwezilungiselelo. Ithaka elihlangothini lingahlula ubumfihlalo bokuvikwa kwegazi nge-12–18% (EPRI 2022), lokhu kongezisa amandla okuqhubeka.

Ukuziphatha Kombi, Ukuguquka Kwesilinganiso, Nezinkinga Zokulahlekelwa Ekusebenzeni

Emazulwini athintekayo, izinqamlezo zokwahlukanisa zihlukana kakhulu kaningi kunezinye indawo, ngelixa i-19% yezimphakathi zasekunene zibhalile ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhobo ngonyaka (EIA 2023). Emasimini, ukuguquka okuphindaphindiwe kwegunya kuthinta izizinda ze-epoxy ukuthi zithakalalela ngaphakathi kwe-5–7 iminyaka—ngaphansi kusebenti sayo esingu-15 iminyaka.

Iindlela Zokwenza Ukusebenza Kwisimo Esikhathazekileyo

Ukuze kungconyelwe ububi bezimo, bonsebenzisi baya kusebenzisa:

• Ibhasikingi ezinobumba we-silicone ezinikezela ukuphepha kwebumi ngama-95%
• Iinkorokozi zokukhupha kwecondensation eziphila isilinganiso ngaphakade ngaphezu kuka-±2°C
• Imigodi yokuhlaka nge-robotic ecala kuyo iphasithilethe ngaphezu kwesilinganiso se-99.6%

Lezi zindlela zibiza ububi bokushisa ngamathuba angu-37% embangalini phakathi kwe-grid (2024 Grid Resiliency Report). Izilawulo ezintsha futhi zidinga ukubeka inkinobho yomthwalo wempilo ngexesha elifanayo kumfundiso mvelaphanda.

Amabhalosi Ophatha Nezimfihlo Zokuhlela Kuzo Zizindawo Ezikhangelwayo

Ibhalozi eliqhubekayo libekeza ukuphatha okungcono komzimba:

Isikhungo seMarina South senSingapure sibonisa indlela ehlukile, esisebenzisa izindawo ezivuthelwayo zenitrogine ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mithi emanzini kumekhi wokugcina kwekhabheli ngaphandle kuka-2019.

Iziphathimandla Zokuphepha nokuhlanganiswa Kakhulu Okubalulekile

Indima yezinyathelo zokulahla, i-Relays, nasezinyathelo zokulahla kwamandla aphakeme kwi-Switchgear enobukhulu

Izinto ezintathu eziphambili zivakalisa umqondo wokuphatha kwezimali zokuphepha. Okokuqala, izikhululi zokugcina zimema amandla okungahle ngaphansi kwe-30 kusuka ku-50 milisekondi ngaphambi kokuba akwazi ukwenza isenzo esiphuthile sokunqamula. Kanti ke kunezikhathi ezifuna ukubalwa kwesilinganiso sesivoltage, futhi ngaba kufuna ukubalwa okuncane njengoba kungaphezulu kwezilinganiso ngama-10%. Ekugcineni, izikhangela zihlenza lezi ziphu ezinkulu ezithiwe yizulu noma ukushaya kwezixhobo, zihleza konke okungaphezulu kwe-kilovolthi-100 awaye kumagadetsi athintekayo. Ngamanje amakhulu kwezi zikhangela ihlukaniswe ngokomfanekiso ka-IEC 60099-4 ngokuphepha kususela kuziphu. Uma lezi zonke izixhobo zisebenza kanjalo kakade, zivakalisa inqolobane enqotho eyohlala ivikela amandla okungahle futhi ibe yindlela ekhona yonke yokusebenza kwegridi ngokulinganisa nezimo zokusebenza.

Ukusanyalalana Phakathi Kwezixhobo Zokuphepha Namasikhathi Asebenzayo Asebenzayo

Ukuvikela okuhle kudinga ukusambulala phakathi kwezivivinyo, izibhedele, nezinhlelo zokubeka isimo ngezansi kwe-100 ms. Abasebenzi basebenzisa izinhlamvu zexesha-njengoko zihlaziywa ngokungcono kuka-±2% ukuqinisekisa ukubambana okukhethiweyo—kuthwalwa izixhobo zasendaweni kuphela xa izixhobo ezindwendwini zilahlekile. Ukubambana okubi kakhulu kunika amandla e-arc-flash ngama-22% embangalweni (NFPA 70E-2024).

Ukusebenzisa Izinhlelo Zokuvikela Eziningi Ngaphezu Kwesikhathi Esizimele

Inhlelo yokuvikela eyodwa ihlinzekelwe:

1. Ilapha yokuqala : Iziphampheli zombila wodwa ezinezinhlangothi ezingaphezu kuka-40 kA
2. Ilapha yesibili : Iziphampheli ezidijithali nezinhlangothi ezingaphezu kuka-5 ms
3. Ilapha yesithathu : Iziphampheli zokuphazanyiswa ezinezinhlangothi ezingaphezu kuka-25 kA
   Lokhu kufakwa izinhlelo ezingekho isikhathi esingavimbiwe ngama-89% kunazo ezinye izinhlelo ezingenye indawo embangalweni.

Ukuziqonda Ukuphila Kwesifo Kusengapheli Kwemithetho Yekhusizo

Noma izinhlelo ezenziwe kahle zingaphila ngexesha lezikhuthazo ezide, njengekuthinta kwesihlweko esiphazanyiswa kwayo ubumfeka besidolophu ngokungenani nge-35%, izixhobo zokunqanda okuthintayo umthwalo wodidi-lwodidi, okanye izimo ezimbini ngokuthe ngudaka eziphazanyisa ixesha lokuseta kabusha kwebhrekeri. Uhlaziyo olulungile lwefirmware kunye nokukhangela okuqhubekayo kwe-infrared kususela kwi-73% yezimpendulo ezingavuvuyo ezenziwa kakhulu kuzinhlelo zasempeleni.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kutheni izimiso ezibalulekileyo kwi-high voltage switchgear?

Izimiso ezibalulekileyo kwi-high voltage switchgear zifakela i-IEC 62271 ne-IEEE C37, efuna kakhulu kwiingxaki zokhokhelo kunye nombono wokulungiswa kwemfundo.

Iziphi izinto ezibalulekileyo ekugcinweni kwegcinezelo?

Izinto njenge-SF6 gas ne-cycloaliphatic epoxy resins zibalulekile ekugcinweni kwegcinezelo ngokuba zinobumbeko obulungele kakhulu kumatempurhara kunye nobumfeka besidolophu.

Ukubonakala kwe-GIS kunjani kuye ku-AIS ngokulinganiselana?

U-GIS unikeza ubumnandi obuhle ngapha kwezimali ezivamile ngoba yadaliwe ngendlela ethunyelwayo ngegasi ye-SF6, okungakwazi ukuvikela ukungena kwamanzi nezinkinga.

Kungani maphropathi yeswitchgear kugcinwa emazingeni aphikisayo?

I-operators zingakwetha ubunzima emazingeni aphikisayo ngokusebenzisa i-bushings ezimbozekiwe ngesilicone, izinhlelo zokulawula ukugcina kwesidlo, nezikhathi zokucula ngobuchwepheshe.

Ziziphi iindlela zokuthintela ukudlwengwa kwezimpawu?

Iindlela zokulondoloza ngaphambi koko njengekuphatha kancane ngaka-2 iminyaka nokuphatha kwiindawo zokuxhumana ngaka-1 iminyaka kuzinceda ekunciphiseni ukudlwengwa kwezimpawu.