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Izicatulo Ezikhoyo Kwekukhetha Imisebenzi Yesisteshene
Amane: Izibalo nezilungelo Zikhathalelwa KweLoad
Amane ayiqhathanise kakhulu amandla okusebenza kwesibhedlela, ukwakhiwa izinkinga lokuhlola ubukhulu bevoli njengoko uhlala kuhlukelelo lomoya olufakelwayo. Lolu hlobo lemaxwebhu zikhathalisele ukuba umoya wemfazwe wahlulekiswe ngamabango ebalulekileyo apho akhona ukusetyenziswa ngokuphephandleyo phakathi kwezindlela ezidingekayo nokuthuthukisa ukusetyenziswa kwisebe esitenjisiweyo, ukugcina uhlu lwemfazwe. Ukukhetha inene yamanee alandelwe ngokubhekisisa izibalo zezilungelo zakhozekhono nezilungelo zokusetshenziswa. Kuningi lokulandelwa ukuba iquka ngeenene yamanee ngokuvumelana nenkinga yokusetshenziswa yesibhedlela kunye nomncedisi weexternal load conditions. Ukubala izilungelo zokusetshenziswa kufanele kube ngokwesiphi na sikhatsi sokuthi kuzikhathalelwa kunye nokuthi kuzikhathalelwa ngokushesha ngokwesicwangciso sesikhatsi esishiyangalayo, okufanele ukubizwa ngokwesintu sezindaba ezifanelekayo ukucacisa uphawu olungileyo kweamanee.
Amaphethanisi Wesikhabheto: Izilungelo Zokuthatha Umlayezo
Amaphetha amacircuite akhuphe kakhulu lokuhlala lokugcina amacircuite yelektriki, bavume ngokubungakho ukuba zikhathale imibuzo ezifana ngezindlela zokuthengisa amafomu okufanele. Ukukhetha kwamaphetha amacircuite angakhiwa ngokupheleleyo kwisebe sokuqinisekiswa, esikholelwe ngokwemiphumela jikelele, amafomu asebenza, kunye nomphako wokusebenza. Ngokwesiphiwo leIEEE, kuhlanganiswa ukuba umngeni ahlobole ekubalulekileyo lomphumela. Ngokukhetha kwamaphetha amacircuite, kuhlanganiswa ukuba zihlobene nekhonjululo phakathi komphilo wesayithi nokuhlola elandelayo, uzokusetyenziswa ukususa uhlola olungaphezu kwalokhu olungahluhlukele.
Amaswi yiSwitchgear: GIS vs Imisistimi eMahlulekileyo
Izinhlobo zokusetyenziswa kwezicatshuleni zihlaba ngokushona amanani angahlukile, okuthiwa imininingwane yesicatshuleni esisetyenziswa ngeMoya (AIS) kunye nomininingwane yesicatshuleni esisetyenziswa ngeMafu (GIS). I-GIS inikeza idizayini elincinci kunye nokuchaza ukuthi kukhishene kakhulu ngokusebenzela ngokususa kanye nokunquma okuncane lokuhlola, ngokubanzi kakhulu kwamalayithi yobendlela. Ngakwesinye, i-AIS sifanele kahle ngokwesikhatsi esidingi lwenqanawe apho isikhatsi sikucinzane, ukungabangene ngephondo loluhlu lokusebenza oluhlanganiswa ngaphambi kokufakwa komali okusondezwayo. Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-GIS kunye ne-AIS kufanele kube usizo lwemibuzo wamanani kunye nemibuzo yephandleni, ngenxa yalokuphumeleyo kanye nokuhlola ezintathu zokugcina kanye nokuthi izinga lezi zilungiselela ubungakanani besebe kunye nokuphela kakhulu.
Amavavi Amateknikali Apho Kusetshenziswa Okudingekayo
Izinkinga Zokuvimba (Umlando we-2.4kV ku-345kV)
Ukufunda amagama eziyophiweyo kwisezokuthi kuhlula ngokubona ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zomthwalo wesezulu. Izikrhi yezigama zihlala phakathi kwe-2.4kV kunye no-345kV, ezifanayo nezinye izinyeletu zokuthumela umphandi. Ukuphumelela kwisezokuthi kuzo kanye nokuhlinzekile kanye nokungapheliweyo kususa isistimu sokunquma okulandelwayo. Ngokushesha, ukhetho olukhethiweyo lokusezulu licinga ukuba i-sezulu sihlale sesingekho ngezindlela ezikhoyo ezilandelayo ngokubonisa ukusetyenziswa kokuthi siphinde sibonele ngendlela yokugcina. EThekwini Afrika, amathiseko akhethwe amagama eziyophiweyo ezinene ku-69kV kunye namanye amagama eliphilayo, ezikhombisana nenkululeko yokuthi kuhlanganisiwe imigomo engaphezulu kunye nokuhlola kwegridi.
Amazwi Okuhlola: Amathiseko OkuyaKudingi vs OkuyaNgasemva
Izihlobo zokugcina ngezinye izinto, njengomoya omphakathi, umgabheni nokulula amaqhawe, azifuna ukuthi bazingeni lokugcina kweqinisekiso lezamelwane ezikushaywa ngaphandle kwezilondolozi, okunyeleyo kwiqhawekazi eliphakathi. Izinkinga lokucacisa kuhlelwa ngamandla wakhe ngokubanzi, kunye nezikhungo eziphathelwe nokuphuma kwesibhedlela, ezidinga ukusuka ukuthi uzame ukufinyelela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze usure kuwo. Izindawo zasibhedlela, ngokubanzi, zisuke zizoba ukukhetha amandla kokudla kumelwane, uzame ukubuyela isikhungo somgomo. Ukukhubaza amandla apha, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla emkhankatha yezinto ezimfihliweyo nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ekhankatha yezinto ezincedwayo ziyiqhathanisiyo kudingeka ukuba kuhle. Amalayithi wezindawo akukho abasebenzisa amandla amakhulu yokusebenza ukwenza ukuphucula kweqinisekiso kwiqhawekazi lesibhedlela lokuphakathi ukuya kuqala ukusetyenziswa kweqinisekiso nokugcina imali yesicelo sokufinyelela.
Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa kwe-SCADA kwiQinisekiso Lokuqala
Ukuthuthukisa kwezisekelo ze-SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) sihlukanisiwa ngokwesiphumo lokusebenza kweemakhwebhu edabeni. I-SCADA isebenza ukungena nokusetyenziswa kwesikhatsi sesiqalele sasekhaya, ucinga ngeendawo zakwakhiwo ezindaweni neziqinisekiso zezisistimu. Loluquketho olunikezela lokuthuthukiswa akuyifanele esikhehle sikhathalela ukwenza imibono yokusebenza okanyeleyo kunjalo kufanelela amandla asebenzayo ukuthola ukuba angene yinkululeko yokubhekisisa. Izicatshulwa zomdabu zithetha ukuba leyo lokusebenza kwe-SCADA kufanele lwezilungiselelwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezintsha ukuthola ukuba alenze iindlela elizidingekileyo. Amakhathaliso amacase ayisho ukuthi emakhwebhu ephakamisiwe nge-SCADA zingavamele amanani okushayelwa nokusebenza okungapheliwe, uzobonisa amangcino amahle okuthiwa ngokwabo lokuhlukahluka lokusebenza lwe technology.
Uhlukeni nokuphumelela ngoNgcwadi kwiKhetho leEQUIPMENT
Amagumbi Amanani we-Electrical (IEEE/ANSI)
Iindlela zakubutha kweIEEE kunye neANSI zokugcina amakhompiyuthi elekhetrikwakwesayishini kuhlu lapho lokungahlangene nokuhlola ukusafisa okusebenzayo kunye nokuphimela kwamalayithi. Ukugcina amakhompiyuthi elekhetrikwakwesayishini kuhlu kungavumelela ukuba kuziphumelele iimfihlo kunye neemva wophandle, okungcono yokuhlola abantu kunye namakhompiyuthi. Ukugcina ngezindlela ezikhoyo zingaba izindaba nokuhlola kunye nokufundiswa ngezilawu zelokhuluma. Ngokushesha, izibophezelo zizoba ukukhombisa ukuthi amagama angapheli kwiimbizo yokugcina amakhompiyuthi elekhetrikwakwesayishini kuhlu angabuyisela ukukhathala kweendlela, ukucacisa ukuthi lokho kuhlu kungcono lokuhlola. Ukuninzi okungapheleleyo kunye nokuthi kube ngokwesobizo kuhlu kungaba ukuthi lokhu akhona ukuthi lokho kuhlu kungcono lokuhlola.
Amalawuli AkuOil Aphakathi Kwemisebenzi Yezitransi
Iindlela zokugcinwa kwezilungiselelo ezikhulu zihluke kakhulu lokusebenzisa ukufaka umphathisi wendawo yokuhlala kwaye kuhluke kakhulu lokuvumela iinkampani yezindaba. Izinkinga zokubheka ngempumelelo zidinga ukukhetha amabhedhe athisha ukusuka izilungiselelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezincane zokuphendula izilungiselelo, kunye nokuhlola kakhulu kwesikhashana sesikhatsi. Iisithintiso zifumanisa ukuthi izilungiselelo eziphendulayo kwezinye izindawo zihluke kakhulu lokuhlala, kunye nokuthi amagumbi akahle angaziphothula imali elinganayo ngenqanawe yezindaba ezinethileyo. Lento ithandaza ukuthi kukhona ingxenye enkulu yokuthi kufanele kuzosetshenziswa amandla aphakeme athisha. Ukufa kokuthi amaphethelo akahlulekile kanye nokuthi amaphethelo akahlulekile ayiphendula indlela yokuhlala kwaye kuhluke kakhulu lokuhlala kwaye kuhluke kakhulu lokuhlala kwaye kuhluke kakhulu lokuhlala.
Uhlobo lweNERC CIP lokuvumelwa kwezindawo ezikhulu
Ukuphimela kweNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) amandla aqinisekisa lokusebenza ngasihlobo esikhokhweni sokuhlola. Amamandla angaphambili ukufakwa kokuprotekisana ngeensika yobhaliso, uphawu olunxoxwa kunye nokuhlola okuningiyo lokusebenzelo ukusafutha iinkqubo zomoya. Ukuphimelwa kukwahlula ukuba izinhlelo ezincane zikukhangelwa phakathi kwemibuzo nemibhizinisi. Abasebenzisi bezindaba zokubanzi zikhuluma ngokwesiphumo sokungena, uzokusondezela ukuba ukugijima kweNERC CIP amandla akuyenzela ukusuka kwezindlela ezimfanelekileyo. Loluquphulo lokuphimelwa aluvumelela kuphela ukuprotekiswa kwamalayithi kunye nokuhlola ukuba umthetho wakhiwe, ukuze kube ungeniso olungabangako, ubheka isiqenisi somncedisi wesinqumo.
Amagama Alendawo: Izicathalo Ezidingekileyo Zokukhetha Imibala
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind: Ukugcina 230kV GIS
Kwisimo lesi sika laseAtlantic Shores Offshore Wind, umthetho wokuqala welwandle lwavela ngokuphakamiswa ukusetshenziswa kwe-230kV Gas-Insulated Switchgear (GIS) ukukhathalisa iziphumo ezindabeni nezilimi zokusebenza esikhatsini. Isiko lifanele lolwandle lokuthi lihlale lokulandelela ukusetyenziswa komhlaba olungaphansi, amazinzi amagalagala okufuneka kuhlola, kunye nokufinyelela ukuba amaxesha akhulu angasetyenziswa. Izinsuzo eziphambili zavela ngokusetshenziswa imibiko engenayo-umhlaba kunye nesiqephu sasendaweni, okuningiyo lokuvunyelwa kuhluke kanye nokusebenza ngokubheka. Iindlela zakusebenza zazibophelela ukuhlaziywa kwesistimu kunye nokugcina amakhotsi okufakwa kwenze ukuba kuhlanganise iindlela yokusebenza yezikhefumlo elwendawo. Izinsuzo ezahlukile ezifunyenwe kweboniso lokusetshenziswa kulandelayo kuhlula ukuthi kungenani lokusetshenziswa kwezimateriale ezinhloko kunye nokusebenzela ngokubheka, uzokusuka amahluke amaningi apho amaproyekto amaphambili we-GIS ekusetshekeni.
Isitshalo sesiNew Ulm: Umthetho Wokubuyeleyo Kweswitchgear
Umfundo wesikhephe seNew Ulm Power Plant wakwenza umculo othulwa weswitchgear ephakeme ngokupheleleyo okufanelelwa ukuba kuhluke amanqaku nokuthola amandla. Umculo wenkululeko walayishwa ngamanye amahhadi aqinisekileyo, phakathi kwezinto zokugcina switchgear ezidingekileyo nezikhatsi zokubuyekeza izindlela ezimbili. Amaphawu akhiwo abuyelelanga imiphumela yamandla yokusebenza, ukuze ibuyeleyo indlela yokusetyenziswa nge-20% kunye nokuthola umndeni wamanqaku nokuhlaba. Ukufanelwa kwemfundo wenkululeko lwakuxhasa lokuhlukene lomoya oludala ngokulula amatekonoloji amandla, uzama ukwethabela isithombe esiqinisekileyo lokuhlukana kokuthola amandla nokusebenza kanye nokutholwa komandla emakhwenyeni weezilondolozi zeephayile.
RWE Nordseecluster: Iindlela Zokuthengisa Isikhephe Sesifunda LesiOffshore
U-RWE Nordseecluster wenze izinhlelo zokugcina ezimbizeni kakhulu kwisebe sasendaweni yokusebenza phandle komhlabathi, kunene ukubhekisisa amachallenge angaphakathi, njengomsebenzi omkhulu wokuqala nokuvavanywa kwamandla okufaka. Izinhlelo zakho zibuyekezo lezintekhnojini yezincinci lokugcina ezizithile ngokuthi zihlale kuhlanganiswa nokungazixhasa ukudibanisa imigomo emkhulu, uzokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezilayiselo ezisebenza nge ndawo. Amahlayishane amabangako, njengokusho ukuba kulandelayo usuku lwe-30% lokusetyenziswa kokuphucula iimisha, uzokusukela ukuhlukaniswa nokuhlola okulandelayo. Lwesikhashana lwavela ukunikeza imigomo yesikhathi esikhundleni kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokugcina ezifaneleyo ezinikezeliweyo kwindawo yokusebenza phandle komhlabathi ezingezwe, uzokusukela ukuthi kuhlanganiswa ukwenza izinsiza zokusebenzela ukuthi zisetshenziswa ngokuthi zikhethwe ukuthi ziyongeziwe ngokuthi zingeyahlukene nezinhlelo zokusebenzela.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwesikhashana Ngenqubo Yolayiselo
Amaphumo Ama-Digital Twin Okusetyenziswa Ukuphuma Imisha
Izintsimbi ezidingitshwanga ziyavulamanisa futhi kuyahlukisa okuhlelothwe sikhethweni esisebenza nokuvamiswa kwezinyezi eziphumaphansi ngokufakela amandla amahhovisi. Izintsimbi ezidingitshwanga zihlukile ukubonelela phakathi kwesikhiyi, uzokusetyenziswa kwezinhlobo zokugcina okungcono lokusebenza olunemiswe kakhulu ngenqanawe yokuphazamisa ukusuka kokuthiwa. Ngokusimula izinkinga eziningi, izintsimbi ezidingitshwanga ziyahlukisa ukubonisa iindlela zakwamukelwa kwezinyezi, futhi uzokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithathu. Isibonelo esisodwa siyinqubo kaTenesi Veli Awtorithi lokuhlukiswa kwezindlela ze-digital twin technology kwisebenzi lakhe lesubstation, lokungabonisa ukuhlukanisweni okanye kwezinhlobo zokuvamiswa. Amasibonelo amaningi akhetha indlela yezintsimbi ezidingitshwanga lokuhlukiswa kwezinhlobo zokusebenzela amandla.
Ukubuya kwe-Substation Layout Optimization ngokusebenzisa BIM Modeling
Ukubuya kweLwazi lomodeli yobuilding (BIM) uyichaphuzi elishayamile ngokulindela ukuthola okanye uhlamvu lokusebenza kwezisteshoni. Ngokufinyelela i-3D visualization, i-BIM ishayisela ukubaleka phakathi kwabantu ababangako babalulekileyo, besezimathelisi, izinhlelwaniswa nezinqasini. Lapho lokuhlola kuhlonipha amandla akhephukwana kwalokho olungakhethwa njengamanje. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-BIM ucabanga phansi ukusetyenziswa kokunqume kanye nokushintsha eziphakeme, lokuthi leyiyo lokulandelayo lokusebenza. Ukugcina kwalokho olungaba nge-BIM kumncedisi weDeakin University esikwenene sakhiwe ngokubuyekeza ukuthola okulandelayo kunye nokuphucula kwekhophi, lokungavamile ukuthi lona iyiphuzu lokukhetha imisebenzi yesikhatsi.
Amatrende Amanqaku Aluhlaza Kwisihloko
Ukuphenya kwezicathulo esisodwa kusukela kwezikhetho zomoya omphumeleleyo ezikuleletywa kumthethosisekelo wesintshonalendawo. Izindlela ezilungileyo ngoku zifokusela ukusetshenziswa kokuba izicathulo ezinomsindo ongaphambili kuziphindaphinda ukubuyiselwa nokuthi kuhlalele i-sustainability. Ngokugcina noma ukusetshenziswa komoya ofanele, amasibayensi akhetha phakathi lokho olunempumelelo kunye nokuhlala kakhulu ngokwesintshonalendawo futhi akhetha ukwenza uphawu lwesikhephe sesikhatsi. Iiphi lezi ziprojekthi njenge-Bandon Substation eSan Diego ebangela ngokulandelana nokusetshenziswa sokuba zicathulo ezinomsindo, ezithole umphathiso okulandelayo nokuhlola iindlela zakuhlonishwa kwamalayezulu. Lwendlela akhetha ngokubonisa nokuhlola ngezinto ezihlabeleleyo lokusebenza kanye nokuthi amasibayensi angakwazi ukubuyiselwa ngenkinga yamathebvu asintsha nokuhlukanisiwo kwezinsimu.
