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Izicatulo Ezikhoyo Kwekukhetha Imisebenzi Yesisteshene
Amane: Izibalo nezilungelo Zikhathalelwa KweLoad
Izitrafamani ngumhla wesikhathi esikhulu sasemaphakweni, esebenza kakhulu ngokulawula i-voltage nokuphatha izindleko zokusebenza ngendlela efanele. Xa kwekwa iphakathi kwezilayini zokusebenza, izitrafamani iya kuthanda noma kuthulasela i-voltage ukuya kumatheni aphakathi okuthola kakhulu noma kuthumele kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthi kwenze isiphakamiso esikhulu kumatheni aphezulu. Kukhona nokuthi kudingeka ukukhetha i-trafamani enikezela kakhulu. Ububanzi nobuhlobo bekudingeka bafanele noma yikuphi okunye okudingekayo kumaphakwa noma kufaka uhlu olunye olutholakale kakhulu. Ukwenza le nqaku ngokucacileyo kungenzeka ukubheka izindlela ezisendleleni ngenkathi kusebenza ngokunokuthi ngenkathi kuthi kunezikhathi ezithile xa konke kuthi kuthanda ukusebenza ngokugcwele. Abakhululekileyo banelisele ukubheka lezi nombolo ngokulingana nezinhlobo ezitholakalayo kumatheni abasebenzisa ngokunikezela ukuthi izitrafamani zenze njengoba kudingeka ngokugcwele noma zingeliphele ngendlela engaziwa.
Amaphethanisi Wesikhabheto: Izilungelo Zokuthatha Umlayezo
Izibhindi zokugcina isikhwama zidlula indima enkulu ekugcineni imigqa yezokudla ukusuka kwehlanzelo. Isebenza ngokuthi ithinte amandla lapho kuneqondo, ukunika amandla okwenza imisebenti yekhono. Ukukhetha isibhindi esifanele asikho kuphela ngokubona ubukhulu, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kube yisikhathi esifanele sokucima leli khono lapho kuneqondo. Le ndawo ibi khona ngokubangela yindlela ethile, ukubangela yiliphi isikhwama imigqa isebenza, ukubangela yini leli khono lapho kuneqondo, nekuphi isibhindi sizogcinwa khona. Abasebenzisa ku-IEEE baziqondile fushane ukuthi kufanele baboni konke lezi zinto kuqala. Abanye abakhetha izibhindi zokugcina isikhwama kufanele bavikele ukuthi zilingane nezidingo zalo zonke lapho kuzobonakala ukubala ngokushesha nezinye iingcamango zezokudla. Ukwenza konke oku kungenza ukuthi kufakeke kahle kuzo zonke izinto ezingcinwa ngokudla.
Amaswi yiSwitchgear: GIS vs Imisistimi eMahlulekileyo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zeeqipha lokusebenza kuzo esikhathini sokuqala, ne-Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) kunye ne-Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) ziyingqayizweyo kakhulu. Ezinye iindlela zikhetha i-GIS xa isikrwe kakhulu ngokuba ibona indawo encinci futhi ibe ne-performance engcono ngokwenyaka. Ii-reports zokudlala zonke ithi le ndiza zidinga ukulungiswa ngokwenge kunezinye izinto ezingcono. Ngendlela enye, i-AIS ihle kakhulu kumaqo apho kunezikhala eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuba izindleko zokufaka kuzo ziphantsi ngokwokuqala. Xa kuthathwa iqhinga lokuqala okuphumelelayo kulo msebenzi, abasebenzisi kufuneka bahlola izinto ezifanako nezimo zokulima ezingcono, indawo yokulondoloza isikhala, izicelo zokulungiswa ngokude kwezinhlelo, kunye nokuthi indiza iyasebenza kanjani ngokuphelele kwekhathelo lakhe. Ukwenza le nqca le mikhondo ithiwa ukuthi iyasekisa ngokwakho ukuthi indiza eyafakwe iyasebenza ngokwakho kuzo zombini izidingo zokusebenza ngekakhulu ngekakhulu.
Amavavi Amateknikali Apho Kusetshenziswa Okudingekayo
Izinkinga Zokuvimba (Umlando we-2.4kV ku-345kV)
Ukuthola uhlobo lwe-voltage kuyindlela ebalulekile kakhulu ngokusho kwemisebenzi yezinhlobo zokwenyelwa kwezokugcina. Lezi zihlobo kahle zikhona phakathi kwe-2.4 kilovolts fisa kuya kwe-345 kilovolts, okungukuthi kufakwa phakathi kwezinhlobo ezincane zokunquma fisa kuya kwezinhlobo ezikhulu zokuthunyelwa. Xa kuhamba phambili kwezinkinga ezincane kuya kwezikhulu, kukhona iziphathimandla eziphakathi kwezokuphepha, ukusebenza kwezokunyusa amandla, nezokuxhumana ngokweqile kwezinye izinqubo. Bona noma yisiphi isitayela esibangelwe kahle kanye nokuthi ukuthola uhlobo olungile lwe-voltage lunciphisa ukuxhumeka ngokweqile nezokuphepha kwezomthombo. Phakathi kwezindawo eziningi eNorth America, bekubonakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zasebenzisa 69kV noma ngaphezulu kule ndawo. Le nto ikhombisa ukuthi izinkampani zokunyusa amandla ziyakhula ukuthanda uhlobo olungaphezulu lwe-voltage xa zihlanganisa ukudla kwezimali ezakhona noma zingasebenzi ngokweqile kuzindlela eziningi.
Amazwi Okuhlola: Amathiseko OkuyaKudingi vs OkuyaNgasemva
Ukuchitha kwezulu, ukuguqula kwezulu, namagqamtha afuywa ayenza isimo esiphikisene nezixhobo zasezimali, ngakumbi xa zilandelayo kiziko elinemoto. Ukuchangana kwezi zimo eziphikisayo kubandakanya ukugcwala kwezixhobo, oko kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi kufuneka bakhakhe ngokutshintshelwano ngokulandelana nje xa bahlala baleke ngokutsha. Sebenzisa iindlela zemoto njengegama, ukuchithwa kwezilwandle kuyinto enkulu ngalo ndlela. Izixhobo zokugcinwa zokugcinwa ngokutsha aza kungapheli ngokutsha ngaphambi kokuba zilazwe okanye zilungisiwe. Iinkonzi zokulawulwa kwezixhobo ezixheleni le korrosion zilandela ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokugcina apho ayizixheleni kwaye zilandela izinto ezakhiweyo xa zilungiselelwe ukuba zilinde isimo esikhulu. Abantu abahlinzekayo kwezixhobo eziziko kwezilwandle beqala ukusebenzisa iindlela eziphambili zokugcina le korrosion kuzo zixhobo zokuguqula nezixhobo zokucoca. Le ndlela ziyakugcina ukuba izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zilinde ngokude kwaye ziyakukhuphula izindleko zokuhlola ezikhohlo kiziko elibizana nomoya.
Izindlela Zokusetshenziswa kwe-SCADA kwiQinisekiso Lokuqala
Ukuqeqeshwa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha nokuthola imininingwane (SCADA) kumasevisi amathathu kunezindlela zokusebenza ngokwamanje kuhlangene nendima yonke. Lezi zinhlelo zinikelela abasebenzisi ukulandelela imisebenzi ngokusheshayo futhi phathise amadivayisi ngokusheshayo, ngaphezulu koku, kuthola imininingwane ngokushesha futhi kuthola imiphatlalane ngaphambi kokuba kungcono. Uma kusevisi kwenziwe ukuxhumano ne-SCADA, sibona ukuthi kunezindlela efiyokulula kakhulu ngokuthi izenzo eziningi zingasebenziswe ngokuzenzekelayo esingasebenzisa abantu abaningi. Amagama okwenza kahle kwezifiso zonke kuchaza ukuthi kumele kuthiwe i-SCADA ngokwedele kuzo zimboni ezintsha ukuthi kutholwe ukuthembekileyo. Uma sibheka kumasekelo apho kusebenzisile i-SCADA, kusevisi kudinga ukuphendula kusheshayo kuzindlela eziguqulayo futhi kusebenza ngendlela efiyokulula. Abantu abakhethile ukuthi kusebenzise i-SCADA bakhuluma ngokuthi kungakanani ukulungiswa kudinga ukwenziwa uma i-SCADA isetshenziswa kumasevisi.
Uhlukeni nokuphumelela ngoNgcwadi kwiKhetho leEQUIPMENT
Amagumbi Amanani we-Electrical (IEEE/ANSI)
Imithwadi yokuvikelwa kwezimali ezisetiwe ngu-IEEE ne-ANSI siphakathi esikhulu ekugcineni i-substations futhi zihlale kwiindlela zokulandela. Xa izindlela eziphakathi kwezinto eziphambene zilandelwa, lezi zinto azikwazi ukwenza izinto eziphambene futhi zilungisa ubube bomoya bezimali okungaba yinkululeko yezomnotho noma ukwehliswa kwezinhlelo zokuthengisa izindleko. Ukulandela lezi zindlela akuyona kuphela okungcono kodwa kungenjalo kubalulekile ukulandela amadoda amathathu. Ukubheka izinkomba eziphakathi kwezinye izindlela kwenza ukuthi le nto ibe yinkimbinkimbi. Inhlangano enkulu yezokusebenza kwamagama yaphela amaphoyinti amaningi ngenxa yokungabi yindlela ephakathi kwamathransformer lapho kusebenza ngokugcwele. Izinhlelo ezingenakulandela izindlela zokulandela zingaba nokuthintana ngokugcwele futhi kudinga ukuthatha izindlela zokuthintana nazo futhi kudinga izindleko ezikhulu. Ngakho ke abasebenzi basebenzela ukuthi abaningi baleli zindlela zokuvikelwa kwezimali zibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekudleni.
Amalawuli AkuOil Aphakathi Kwemisebenzi Yezitransi
Izinqawo ezinhle zokugcina ithekela kumele zibe yindlela esebenza ngayo ukungcola ukwenyenzela kahle kanye nokuvumela izindlela zokulandela iziqiniso lapho kusethelwa amaphompi. Lapho kudizaynwa izinko, izinkampani kumele zenze amakhawula okugcina emhlabeni ngokusheshayo, zenze izinqawo zokuphendula ngokusheshayo kumaqishiso, kanye nokulandela ukulungiswa ngokwesikhathi. Izinombolo zithi kudinga okuhle futhi: izikhulumi zokuthayela ithekela kumele zibe yinto esheshayo kakhulu endaweni yonke, kanye nezilawuli azithinti ukuthintela izinkorisa ezinkulu kumaqiniso. Ngakho ke izinqawo eziphambene nezinto kumele zibe yinto esheshayo. Lapho amaphompi athile kanye nokuqala kwezikhulumi, iziphatho kumele zibe yinto esheshayo kakhulu kuye kakhulu kungcola umhlaba. Izinkampani zifuna ukuthola izindlela zokulungisa izinto kanye nokulungiswa, kanye nezinhlelo zazo kumele zibe yinto esheshayo kakhulu kumaqembu kanye kumaqashu.
Uhlobo lweNERC CIP lokuvumelwa kwezindawo ezikhulu
Ukulandela izimpendulo ze-Infrastructure Protection (CIP) zeNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) kuyenza ukuchanya okuphakade ekugcineni kwezimali zokulayisha ukusebenza ngendlela esebenza ngayo. Lezi zimpendulo ziphathi amathathu amatheni: izimpendulo zokuphepha kwekhompiyutha, imigomo yokuphepha ngokwemibono, nokulinganisa ukusebenza okuphela okukhuselela umbhobho wethu wevukelo kumaqo amaningi. Xa izinkampani zilandela lezi zimpendulo, izinhlelo zabo ziphila ngempela kakhulu kumaqo wekhompiyutha, ukungasebenzi kwezinhlobo, nokuthreats engenakho ukuphazamiseko. Abasebenzisi basebenza ngaleli xesha bakhombisa ukuthi ukulandela i-NERC CIP yekho ibangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zokuphepha kwezinye izindawo eziphatheni kwebumbho lethu lokukhishwa kwezindleko. Ngaphandle kokukhuseleka kwezinhlobo zokugcina, ukulandela kahle kuvumela abakhokhi, abasebenzisi, nababini ukuthi izinhlelo ziphila ngempela noma xa kuzozama ukungabi noma kuzozama ukuthintana nazo.
Amagama Alendawo: Izicathalo Ezidingekileyo Zokukhetha Imibala
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind: Ukugcina 230kV GIS
Kulokothi we-Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, abangeli bakhetha isistimu ye-230kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) engavumele ukulingana nezimo eziphambene futhi engasekela kakhulu kudonkwe le platform. Babengenela ngeminyango eminingi ngokulayishwa kwezinhlanu, ukungcola okulula kwezinhlanu, ukulandelwa okulula kwekhipha amakhiqizo kusihlengeni, futhi kuncane ukulayishwa kwezinhlanu ezikhulu. Ukuxazulula le mibuzo, ithimba lamaqembu ethola amadatha angakhathazeka kakhulu, futhi yadizaywa amasistimu angaphansi kakhulu ngokulingana nokusebenza. Xa kubheka kanjani izinto zasebenza, kubekwe ngqo ukuthi kunesistimu enobukhono obungcono ngokulingana nezinye ezifundekile, futhi abasebenzisi babekiwe ukuthi kuncane ukuphulwa futhi kuncane izindleko zokulungisa ngokudlule kwezinsuku. Oku kubonisa ukuthi kungcono ukucinga ngapandle kwezindlela ezifundekile xa kubhekwa amadatha futhi ukuthi kuhulumeniwe ukuthi kudingeka kuthuthukiswe amadatha. Lezi zifundo zizokusiza kwezinye izindlu zokulayishwa zemibili zasehla ezifuna ukulingana nokuthi kuzothatha kanjani ukulayishwa kwezinye GIS kuzinsuku ezizayo.
Isitshalo sesiNew Ulm: Umthetho Wokubuyeleyo Kweswitchgear
Isitakilethi sovuweyo yeNew Ulm dazama kweqile ukwenza kakhulu kweqile ukuguqula amandla okuxhumana nokunwelela kakhulu ukusebenza kwayo ngemini. Ukuguqula kudala ukufaka amandla e-switchgear esikhundleni sezingxenye ezindala ngazo zingenhla futhi ukufaka izinhlelo zokukhumbula ezinhleleni ngokuphelele. Emva kokuba lezi ziguquko zangeziwe, izisebenzelo zamangaza iziphumo ezinhle. I-downtime iphansi ngenca ya 20%, lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona amandla angaphezulu okusebenzela, futhi ukubaluleka kwezinhlelo kungenhla. Izibonelo zokuphepha zangeziwe kakhulu futhi. Lokhu kubonisa kahle ukuthi yini iindlela ezinguqula ukusebenza ngokweqile lapho kusebenzela kakhulu izinhlelo ezimbuywe. Izifisini zokunyuka ezifana nezingxenye zingase uthake into leka kujabulela futhi baze bangeziwe kakhulu izinhlelo zabo ukusebenza ngendlela enempilo kanye neffisheni ngokuphelele.
RWE Nordseecluster: Iindlela Zokuthengisa Isikhephe Sesifunda LesiOffshore
Kodwa i-RWE Nordseecluster isebenza kwaso isiqaloqo esiphakeme, babona amasolution engceke engempela ukuxhumana nezinhlobo zezinkinga zokuvikela. Kunesikhathi kwabanjwa ngokuphezulu, futhi akukho manye amahora okwenza umsebenzi. Okwabekwe yizindlela ezinhle zokuthwala zokwenziwa ngokuthunyelwe ukuxhandlwa nezimo eziphakeme futhi ezingavunyelwanga, okwakuvumela ukwenza izinto kwiqalo ngendlela enembile ngaphandle kokuphela. Ukubheka iziphumo ezinhle zibonisa indlela enguqulo – izikhathi zokuxhumana nezixhobo ziphezulu ngama-30%, ngakho bonke bavumela ukuthi yini enguqulo ngempela yonke into ngemuva kwaleli kwehlanzela. Lokhu akukwakhiwa ngokuvulekile ukulungisa okudinga ukulungiswa manje. Inhloso yonke yobuqakeli bokubonisa ukuthi yini ukuvikela okuzinzile kungase kuthinte ukuthi kuthintekile kanjani emasiphezulu esiyakhulayo. Amakhampani amanye esebenza kuleli nqanawa angase athinte amandla ukuthi leli tokwe kungase kuthinte ukuthi kuthintekile kanjani ekupheleni kwempatho.
Ukubuyiselwa Kwesikhashana Ngenqubo Yolayiselo
Amaphumo Ama-Digital Twin Okusetyenziswa Ukuphuma Imisha
Izinhloso zase-dijithili ziyashintsha umdlalo ngokuhlinzeka nokuhlela izinhlobo kwi-substations yokulayisha ngokwenza izinhlobo zokubonakala kwamanye amagqamane. Ngale ndlovu zase-dijithili, abasebenzisa kakhulu baleka imisebenzi ngokusheshayo, okwenza kube lula ukuhlela ukuhlelwa kabefore kungaphela izinkinga zokulindela ukuba kuhlelwe. Le ndlela iyamukela ukuncipiswa kwezikhundla ezingenakudlala futhi iyakhipha ukusebenza ngokuvamile. Uma imikhiqizo ibaleka imishini yokubala ngokushintshwa kwezinhloso zase-dijithili, ingaba inokuthola ukuthi izinhlobo zokusebenza zingaphela ngaphambi kwalokho basazela ukuthi izikhombisa ziyakuphi. Ngokuvacwatshwa kwe-Tennessee Valley Authority njengomfano, bavule isayensi se-digital twin ekuhlwaneni okuningi kwamagqamane e-substations ngoqo futhi bavuselela amathuluzi akubo ukuhlela ngenkathi ayisebenzela ngokuvamile. Lezi ziphumelele ziyakhipha ukuthi kungani amakhampani amaningi aye aqaphela ukuthi kudingeka asebenzise izisombululo ze-digital twin ngokuhlela amagqamane ngokungcono.
Ukubuya kwe-Substation Layout Optimization ngokusebenzisa BIM Modeling
Ukudizayina kanye nezifundo zokubangela kwezindawo zokulayisha kungenzeka ngaphandle kokuqondiswa kwezinhlobo zokudizayina (BIM) noma BIM. Ngokubonakala kwezinhlobo ezintathu kanye nezinye zokubona konke, i-BIM isikhumela kakhulu abasebenzisa lapho bahlala bakhuthazwa ngemisebenzi. Abaningi, abadizayini, nabasebenzisi emhlabeni ngempela bakhona ukuthi babonwe yini ngaphandle kokuqhamuka kwezinkinga. Lapho bonke bazi ukuthi bazekele yini, iziphoso zingake zisebenze futhi izigaba zokunquma zingase kuvela ngokushesha. Sibeke kona lokhu ngokwesibonelo ngezinhlobo lapho i-BIM isetshenziswa ngendlela echanekile. Noma kanjani ukuguqula kwezindawo zokulayisha kwi-Deakin University. Abeke amaphela futhi aqede ngaphambi kwehlanga lapho kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokulinganisa kwezinkinga. Lokhu kunguqu kanye nokuthi amakhampani mengelwa ngokuthi i-BIM ikhona ngaphandle kokuwazi ukusebenzisa.
Amatrende Amanqaku Aluhlaza Kwisihloko
Sibona ukunyakaza okukhulu ekuqokeleni izinto ezihlala njalo zeziteshi zamanzi kulezi zinsuku, futhi kubonisa ukuthi imboni yonke iyithatha ngokungathi sína kangakanani ukunakekela iplanethi yethu. Njengamanje, izinkampani zenza umzamo omkhulu wokusebenzisa izinto ezingenabungozi kangako emvelweni. Cabanga ngezinto ezingavuselelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe noma ezingashiyi uphawu olubi kangaka emvelweni lapho zenziwe. Lapho iziteshi ezingaphansi komgwaqo zihamba ngale ndlela, zisiza ekuvikeleni imvelo futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi imishini yazo ihlala isikhathi eside. Thatha i-Bandon Substation eSan Diego njengobufakazi. Empeleni bafaka izinto ezihlala njalo endaweni yabo, futhi uqagele ukuthi kwenzekani? Ukusebenza kwabo kwaqhubeka kungcono futhi bahlala ngaphansi kwalezo mithetho eqinile engokwemvelo. Ukuhamba ngokuluhlaza akuseyona into enhle yokuhlola amabhokisi. Kuyinto ebalulekile uma sifuna ukuhlangabezana nalokho okufunwa izilawuli ngonyaka ozayo, ingasaphathwa eyokulindela abantu kithi namuhla.
