Kunjani Ukudizaina I-Substation Ngokuphelele Kwezobuchwepheshe?

Amakhasi Asebenzayo Okudizayini Kwebhodi Yokulungisa Ukuvikela Okuphelele

Ukulungelela amakhasi asebenzayo okudizayini kwebhodi yokulungisa nokufunda amathuba wehlelo

Ukudizayina izikhululo kusunguka ngokubheka ngokucophelela ukuthi izinhlobo zezinhlobo zokusebenza kufuneka zihlale kusebenze kahle. Abasebenzi basebenzisa kumele bafunde izinto ezithile njengezimali ezothathwa ngexesha, kutheni xa kukhona umqhuba omtsha, nokuthi ubude bomoya obudingekayo kumgwa wonke. Ngokwemigaqo yonke yomthando, ukusebenzisa lezi ziprograme ezihlukileyo ngexesha lokulungisa kungahlawula ukungasebenzi ngama-40 phesenti kunemithetho yamva. Lokhu okuchazwe kuyakha kuthatha ukuthi ubungakanani bezixhobo kufuneka kube yini, singathini xa kukhona imposiso, kwaye simele ukuseta iminyaka yokusebenza ukuze zonke izinto ziqhakamise nezidinga zomgwa wendawo ngexesha lonke.

Ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zokugqibela kanye nezixhobo zezibini kususela kumsebenzi

Ukusebenza kwezikhala zokulungisa kuyaphilaphila ekukhuleni kwamandla okuqhubeka phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene. Izindawo eziphambili zihlala zilungisa amandla aphezulu emva kwegolide, ngelinye igama izindawo eziyisibili zihlala zilungisa konke okulandelayo njengezinhlelo zokudala, izixhobo zokubeka, nezibopho zokuphepha. Uma lezi zimbili ziphathekile khona kakhulu abasebenzi basekhondla bakhangelela ukuthi kusuke kube khona ukuphazanyiswa okungenani kabili. Injiniya engcono iyashintsha ukuthi izinto njenge switchgear, izilungelelo, nezirhayi zokuphepha zizwisisana kanjalo xa zonke izinto zisebenza kahle ngenxa yendawo kodwa futhi xa kuneqiniso elingalindelekile. Lokhu okunikezela ukuthi amandla ayesebenza kahle nokuphila kwezimali.

Ukulungana kweburha nezibopho zokuphepha kanye namathuba okusebenza

Ukufaneleka kwezilimi zokulahla kuthatha ukusebenzisa nezindlela zokuphepha kusika okuphazinyayo uma sifuna izinqumo ukuze zilinde. Uma abasebenzi basebenza amandla eziphazimandla, kudinga izimpendulo ezinzima kakhulu kumandla engqonge kodwa futhi ezinezindlela zokuphazimandla. Izixhobo zokuphazimandla zifakwa ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlangano njengendlela yokuphepha kusika sokulwa nasekuhlaleni kwamandla apho akwenzekala ngendlela eyayisikhathi. Izigaba ikhombisa ukuthi ukufanekanya kakhulu kususa izinkinga zeziphazimandla ngaproximately 60%, lokhu kuyakugcina izixhobo ezinzima kakhulu kungcono kanye nokuthi kuyakuvikela konke kube yinkimbinkimbi noma kungekho ukuguquka kwamandla esikatini.

Ukulungiselela amandla ekuqaleni kanye nokuphatha izimali eziphazimandla ekhetho yezindlu zokulungiswa

Xa kufika ekulungiseni izilingo zokulungiswa, umsebenzi uqala ngokukhetha izixhobo ezinokwenza kakhulu ngokunxulumanisa nokunxulumanisa kwezamandla, ngelishwa nokumisa izixhobo zokuphepha ngaphezulu. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi ukhethwe ubungakanani nobude bokufakwa kwezikhathi zokulungiswa ngoba lokhu kubangelisa ukulingana kwezilingo kwaye izikhathi zokuphatha izimpendulo zazo. Iintsontela ziqhathanisa ukuba xa kulungiswa ngendlela efanelekileyo, lo msebenzi wokulungisa unikela ukuba izixhobo zingcinwa ngokunyusa ubude bokusebenza kwizinto ngama-30% ngaphezu kokuba kungakwenzeka. Umsebenzi wokuphakamisa kufuneka uthathe inxalenye yokufunda ukuba ziziphi izililo ezinokwenzeka, ngelishwa ukuphatha izililo ezingalindelekanga. Kufuneka izikhathi zokuphepha zifakwe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze zingakwazi ukuphulisa iingxaki ngokukhawuleza kodwa zingakhange zibangela ukuba kwenzeke ukuphazanyiswa kwezamandla kumgwebo wonke.

Izixhobo Ezibalulekileyo Zomgwebo Wokuxhobela Nokubangelisa Kwazo Kumbuzo Wokusebenza

Ukukhetha izikhululi ezivimba, izivivinyo zokugaya, nezixhobo zokucwangcisa

Ukukhuseleka kwegogo likhona ngokuthi iziqinisekiso zalo ezincane zihlanya kangakanani: izithuthi, i-circuit breakers, nezixhobo ze-switchgear. Xa lezi ziqinisekiso azihlangananga ngendlela efanelekileyo, amathuba onke okuphazimula ayakwenzeka kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo izithuthi zezinhloso. Zikhona phakathi kwesabelo sokuguqula izigaba zenhloso ezahlukene, kodwa ngaphandle kwezimboni eziphelele nezimemo eziphathelene nokulandela, izinto zingadinga ukuthi zihlale zihamba ngendlela engavumelekile. I-circuit breakers namuhla ineedla ukulawula izisindleko ezinkulu zezinhloso ngaphandle kokuhlukunyezwa, okuqukethwe kakhulu njengoko izidingo zegogo ziyakhula. I-switchgear inempi engeyi yodwa, ikha izindawo zokuhlukunywa ngendlela ekhuseleke kakhulu ngenkathi abasebenzi basebenza kuyo noma xa kunezinkinga ezingalindelekileyo kumgodi. Xa kusothulwa iziqinisekiso ezintsha noma kubuyiselwa umsebenzi, abasebenzi bakhetha iziqinisekiso ebalulekileyo okungabi nje kuphela ukulwa iqhaza elisha. Ukufana nezifundo zakhiweyo kuyafana nezilinganiso zempilo yokusebenza ngoba akukho muntu ofuna ukugijima izinhlelo ezenzekileyo ukuze afake into entsha.

Ukusebenza kweguqulelo kanye nokuphathelene kwayo phakathi kwemilo ezingaphindaphindi

Ibanga lokuphila kweguqulelo lizungezwe ngokwesikhathi esifanelekileyo kufa, ikakhulu xa kusekelwa kumilo ephindaphinda ngexesha lonke lwesihlanu. Xa isishukumo siphakamisa kakhulu ngaphakathi, ubunyango busala kakhulu kunokuchazwa, okusho ukuba indawo yonke ayikazi kuhlala njengeyakugcina. Izisombululo zokulimala ezintsha zinobungakanani bukade xa kusetyenziswa ngexesha elibuthakatha noma xa kukho umthetho oyingqayiziveleyo. Kunezelezelo apho ekubeni ukulima kuhle kunceda ukuba ubude bebusika beguqulelo bakhokele kabini amashumi asixhenxe kwaye ukuba ubunciniseko obudingayo buncike kabini amashumi asibini nasinye ngokomlando wePower Systems Research waseShishi.

Ukubulala kwebhreki yesilungu kanye nobungako bokuthintela iphatheko

Uma izivikelo zokugaya kuzinzulu zihlanganiswa ngendlela ethembekileyo, zisiza ekulimaleni ukuba izinkinga zingabi nje kube nzima ngokukhipha umthwalo kuphela apho kukhona ingqikithi. Ukufaneleka koko kuthatha ukuseta lezi zivikelisi ngendlela efanele emva kokwenza izahlulo eziningi ngokuthi kunezidingo njani ngenkathi kunezinkinga. Izivikelwa zamanje zokugaya kuzinzulu zinakwenzela ukukhipha okuphelele ku-63 kiloamperes, okuyisimo esibonakala ngempela ngokwebo. Ngaphezu koko, ziyane izivikeliso ezigcwele eziphakeme zodidi oludigitali ozobonakala kakhulu indlela ekufanelekayo. Ubunzima obuguqukayo balezi zilingo bukhulu futhi. Izinkinga ziqedwa ngama-40 iphesenti ngokushesha kunazo ezindlwini zasendulo zezinhlelo zemeyimika yemeyimika, ngakho ke izinhlelo zonke zezinhlelo zomthwalo zihlinzekwa ngakumbi ngokujwayelekile.

Ukumisa kwamabhasebha nezidingo zokuphila ngaphandle kokuphazanywa komthwalo

Umklamo we-busbar udlala indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuphelelwa amandla nokuqondisa amandla okuguquguqukayo. Ukuhlelwa kwamabhasi amabili kunikeza ukuqhubeka kokusebenza ngesikhathi sokugcinwa noma ukwehluleka, ngokungafani nezinhlelo zebhasi elilodwa ezingenayo izindlela zokulondoloza. Izici ezibalulekile zokuklama zihlanganisa:

• Amandla okwanele okuhambisa ugesi
• Isikhala esifanele nokuhlukanisa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuqhuma
• Ukufakwa kokwanda kokushisa
• Ukufinyeleleka kokuhlolwa nokugcinwa

Imiklamo yanamuhla ifaka izinhlelo zokuqapha ezibona ukufudumala ngokweqile noma ukucindezeleka okungokwemvelo, okwenza kube lula ukungenela. Lezi zici zisekela ukugeleza kwamandla okungaphazanyiswa futhi zithuthukise ukuthembeka kwesikhathi eside.

Ukwakheka Okuhle Kakhulu Kwesiteshi Esincane Nokwakheka Kwaso Ngogesi

Izimiso zokwakheka kwesiteshi esiphansi ukuze kufinyelelwe ekusebenzeni kahle kwendawo nokusebenza

Ukumiswa kwe-electrical kufanele kube yisikhathi esingcono phakathi kwezindawo ezitholakalayo kanye nokuthi kufanele kwenzeke kanjani ukuze kube yisikhathi esingcono, ukuze izinto zisebenze ngokuphathelene kanye zilungiswe ngendlela efanele lapho kudingeka. Ukufaka izixhobo kuzindawo eziphathelene kuthula izindlela ezide zezikhwama ezingena kuzo ukuthi kube khona ukuphazanyiswa kwe-voltage kanye nokuphazanyiswa kwezimali, kanti kakhulu ukuvikela wonke umuntu kule ndawo. Ngokwamanani ebuso, ukqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi iziqinisekiso azifaneli kude kakhulu kusobala ukuthi kube khona izinkinga ngaphezu kwe-40 phesenti kanti ukuhlungwa kube lula. Lapho uhlela indlela okuphawulwa ngayo konke, chaza ukuthi uqale kuzindlela zokungena kanye nokuthi uye kuzo zokuphuma. Izixhobo ezijwayelekileyo njenge-transformers kanye ne-circuit breakers zifanele zibekwe kuzindawo abasebenzi abaqobo bakhwaze kuzifinyelela ngaphandle kokuthi bahluphe isikhwama, kanti zibe yisimo esodwa kuzo zinye izixhobo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuthi kube khona ukuthintana kwezimali ezingekelwa kungabi namandla kakhulu.

Ukumiswa kwe-line esingililo kanye ne-double-bus: Ukuthintana kwezimali

Xa kuthetha ngokukhetha phakathi kwe-scheme engu-single-bus nokuthi i-double-bus, abasebenzi base-engineer baphakanywa yindlela ephathelene ngezemali kunezimali. Izinxenye zomthwalo we-single bus ziyaxhumene futhi zinzima ukuzibopha, kodwa azikho okuphucukileyo xa kusebenza. Uma kukhona into eyayiphazanyiswa endaweni yonke, wonke umthwalo ushiya isebenza. Izinkqubo ze-double bus ziyahlukene kabili. Zidinga ukuhlala kwemali kuqala futhi zihlanganisa izixhumanisi ezinhlekeleke, kodwa zivumela ukusebenza kuqhubeka ngendlela efanelekile noma uma kudingeka ukulungiselelwa kwezinto noma kuhlukahluka ngendlela engalindelekileyo. Xa uzwa ngenkomba yesimo sezindustri, ingxenye eningi yabhalo libonisa ukuthi izinxenye ze-double bus zizilondoloza phezu kwe-99.98% kanti izinxenye ze-single bus zisondela kuma-99.7%. Le iphuzu elingu-khalf ya iphuzu elingu-tenth lingaba lincane ekhanda, kodwa kuzindawo apho ukuphazimiseka kusho ukungabi namali noma amandla, kuyenzela yonke into.

Ukubeka kwegunya ikomponenti ukuze kube khona ukuphazanyiswa kwe-voltage kanye nezindleko zezimali

Ukufaka izikhululi ezingedlango lapho amandla afika kwindawo nokugcina ukuthatha kwazo okufushane phakathi kwezisodi kususa amadoda okuqhubeka ngaphezu kwe-15 kuze kube ngu-20 iphesenti, ngokwembono yeziphawu zomthetho wamandla. Isiphumo apha sibe yize ngaphandle kwamanani kuphela kodwa kunciphisa ukuphazanyiswa kwesivinini kuyo yonke indlela futhi kususa ukugcinwa kwezixeko ezidinga ukusebenza ngokusheshayo. Uma abasebenzi basebenzisa ngcono indlela abahambisana ngayo izihlangu nezinyathelo, isimo sonke sobuchwepheshe sisebenza ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, akukho muntu ofuna ukulahlekelwa imvume yokuphepha noma ukwenza ukulungiswa komsimini omuva angakwazi ukwenziwa ngoba akukho sephuzu lokusebenza ngokuphelele.

Ukudondolozwa, Ukuvikela kwe-Surge, nezinhlelo zokuphepha kwabantu

Ukudala izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zokuphepha

Kubalulekile ukufaka isistemu esihle sokugcina okuphazinywa kakhulu xa kufingqwa ukulungiselela nokulondoloza emaqashini ngezimali zokumisa umshimba. Le sitemu isebenza ngokuthatha isimo sokulahlekwa ngokushesha ukuze izixhobo zokulunga zisebenze ngokushesha, kanti na kunceda ukugcina amandla wokumisa aphinde aphinde ngokulandelana kuzo zonke izakhiwo. Amathuluzulo apheleleyo asebenzisana kuthatha ukuthetha ngokuthatha ukuthi kufuneka ukukhulula okuphazinywa kungaphansi kwe-1 ohm kule substation enkulu ephakeme kakhulu ngoba sengathi singaphazimiseka ngokungcono. Ukuba kufuneka kwenzeke ngokupheleleyo, izakhiwo ezininzi ziya kufaka izikhumba zokugcina ngokwesikweletu kanye nezikhala zokugcina kanti na imishini yemeshi ngokwesibonelo ngokwesicwangciso. Ukudibanisa zonke izinto ezinzima njenge transformers, izixhobo zokuthutha kanye nezixhobo zokugcina kwenza ukuthi zonke ziphinde ziphinde ngokulinganayo, okususa ubomi bomshimba ngokukhulu kanti kugcine isistemu yonke iphinde iphinde ngokulandelana.

Ukunceda kakhulu nokuthatha amandla kwezimali zokumisa phakeme

Xa kunezinkinga zokulahleka kwesilungele, izikhathi zokuthanda nokugcina zizizidingo eziningi ngoba lezi zinhliziyo ezide zavela izilinganiso ezimbi zevolthiye kusayizi sesilungele. Ukulungiselela lolu daba, abasebenzi besayensi bakhetha ukufaka amashidi esilungele angaphansi okwesibhedlela kuphela kumetshelo. Uhlu luyahlukana futhi, izinhlobo zeshidi zingakhusela ivolthiye yekugcina ngaproximately 70% kunemithetho engcono. Kunezinye izinto ezingcono. Ukulala isandla esihluphelekile esinegalelo eliphezulu kusiza ekunikela ukuthi akunikele inhliziyo kumadoda. Izinkomba zokulawula izilinganiso zifuna kanjalo kodwa ziyahlukene kuzindawo ezinkulu. Futhi uqinisekile konke okuyamandla kubondelwe kanjalo ukuze bonke bakhuthazane ngezikhathi zezinhlelo. Konke lokhu kuhlukanisa izilinganiso zevolthiye kungakhathaliseki, lokhu kusho ukuthi abasebenzi bahlala behlakaniphile xa kuhlangene izinkinga ezingavunyelwanga emasundweni.

Ukuvikela ukudonsa kanye nokufaka kwamabhodi okulahleka kusayensi sokuthutha

Izixhobo zomgcogco ubungozi obukhulu kumathuba okuthanda kwaye nokuba kukhona iziqhamo ezimbiyo zovoltage ezenza ngokutshintsha. Ngoko ke ukulungiselela kakhulu kwezixhobo zokuphepha kubalulekile kakhulu kule ntonga. Indlela engcono yindlela yokufaka i-surge arresters emaphandleni amakhulu kwaye edlulandini nezixhobo ezibaluleke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zenze umdlalo othembekile, ongena ngapha komgangatho wokugcina. Imbazo ibonisa ukuba xa izixhobo zokuphepha zisetyenziselwa ngendlela efanelekileyo, ukusabalalisa kwizixhobo kunciphisa kakhulu, njengoko kube ngu-80% ngokwemibazo yesifundla. Abazalisi abaninzi bafaka lezi zixhobo phakathi kwikhulu eline-3 kunye ne-5 em above yonke into ofuna ukuphatha, baxhume ngokuchitha kwezihlwebo ezimbini ngeenjongo zokunika indawo yokubuyela. Ukufumana isilinganiso esifanelekile phakathi kokuthi i-arresters inako ukwenza nangaphandle kwezimali ezineleyo zezixhobo zenzelwe izigxila ezibalulekile ekuphepheni kumathuba okuthanda kwaye nakwi-overvoltages ezintathu zokutshintsha esidla ngazo. Lokhu kuzilondoloza kuxhomekeke kakhulu kumgcogco ukuba usebenze ngendlela efanelekileyo nangona kusasoloko imvula ihlabe.

Ukuvikelwa Okuthuthukisiwe Nokuqapha Isikhathi Esikhulu Sokusebenza

Amasu okuxhumanisa nokuvikela uhlelo lwe-relay

Ukuxhumana kwe-relay kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwephutha ngokukhetha, kuvimbele ukuphazamiseka okungadingekile. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhathi phakathi kwe-relay eyinhloko neyokulondoloza kuvumela indawo eqondile yokuphambuka nokuhlanzeka. Ama-relay anamuhla asekelwe kuma-microprocessor anikeza izilungiselelo ezivumelanayo namakhono okuxhumana, avumela ukuhlanganiswa okusheshayo okuthuthukisa ukuthembeka ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zendabuko ze-electromechanical.

Ukuphindelela kwezinhlelo zokuthola amaphutha nokuvikela okuzenzakalelayo

Ukuvikelwa okungafanelengokusebenzisa ama-relay amabili noma izinhlelo zokuphazamiseka kwe-breakerkuqinisekisa ukutholakala okuqhubekayo kwephutha ngisho noma ingxenye eyodwa yehluleka. Ukudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinhlelo zokuvikela kugcina ukuvikeleka. Izindlela zokuxhumana ezingasebenzi phakathi kwamadivayisi e-elekthronikhi ahlakaniphile (i-IED) nezinhlelo zokulawula ziqeda amaphuzu okukodwa okuhluleka ekuboniseni, okwandisa ukuthembeka kokuvikelwa.

Ama-relay edijithali kanye nokuhlaziywa kokubikezela kokugcinwa okuqhubekayo

Izikhululo ze-digital ezenziwa ngokwenziwa kuzo i-analytical ziyenza intoqobo yezinqubo zokusebenza kuyindlela ethembekile yokuphatha ukulungiselela. Lezi zixhasi zilondoloza izinto ezithile njengezindlela eziphinde ziphinde zizwa kakhulu izithuthi, nini izivivinyo zokugqoka zihlupha, nezibonelo eziyindikisa ukuthi izimpendulo zokuphakama ziyancipha. Uma izikhangeli zokwalala zihlolela ukuthi kusenhliziyweni kungaba yini ngokulinganisa kumlando, zithola izilungiso eziyindikisa ukuthi kungaba khona into eqinileyo. Ngokwemibhalo yezehlakani, le ndlela ethembekileyo yenza ukuthi izivivinyo ezingalindelekile zokulahlekelwa kwezixhasi zihlwe ngaphezulu kwezinye izikhathi. Okuthola kakhona? Izinhlanga zokulala zilala zihlala zisebenza ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi kunciphise ukulahlekelwa kwezimali kumsebenzisi kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezimali kumsebenzi.

Ukubeka isitelini ngokushesha nge-SCADA nokulungiselela kulingo lomthwalo

Izinhlelo ze-SCADA zinika izimodi umzobo ophindezelayo wokuthi kusobala njani emathuba, okusho ukuthi bangakwazi ukubona iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba kudinga kube yinkimbinkimbi. Xa zihlanganiswa nezixhobo zokulandela imoto ebandakanyayo esikhundleni, le zinhlelo zilondoloza ukuthi kuneziphuwa ezimbi zingazoshaya kangakanani, zilondoloze xa izixhobo ziya kuqhubeka ngaphezulu kwezilingo, futhi ziyakwazi ukuhlola isimo sezingcingo zokuhlabezela nguye yonyaka. Umvuzo ozinzileyo wezici lika kungenza abasebenzi abagcine izidingo zokulungisa izilungiso zokuphepha nokuphatha izindleko ngokwesimo esikhona manje endaweni yokusebenzisa izahluko ezidala. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi inqanawa iyasebenza ngendlela efanelekile kodwa futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokumisa nokulungiswa kwizigaba ngokudla.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iziphawu ezincinci zomthombo ubani?

Izinto eziphakeme kakhulu zomqoka wokugcwalisa uyilo ungcolisa, izivivinyo zokumisa, izixhobo zokumisa, i-busbars, iirele ezilungiseleyo, neendlela zokulungiswa. Nganye kwezi zinikeza indima eyiyo ekulungiseni ubunzima nokusebenza kweyilo.

Ukusebenza kuka-rele kumqoka wokugcwalisa kukusebenza kanjani?

Ukubambisana kuka-rele kuthatha inqanaba le-time-current phakathi kwe-rele ephindwa nasekupheleni ukuze kugcinwe indawo yengcalo kwaye ikwaciselwe, ngaloo ndlela ukukhubaza okungadingeki kunqamlezwa kwaye ukusebenza kweenjongo kuchazwe.

Kutheni ukulungiswa kubaluleke kumodeli womqoka wokugcwalisa?

Ukulungiswa kubaluleke kumculo nomsebenzi, ngokuba kunceda ekufundeni ngokushesha iingcalo kwaye akhokele umthetho wevoltage. Ukungabi nalokho, iivoltage ezininzi ngaphaya zingakwenzeka, zicinga ingcinga yokungasebenzi kwamathini kwaye ukholo lwabantu.

Yintoni eyahlukileyo phakathi kwebus engunye nasebusibini?

Ukumisela kwe-bus esinye kuyisisekelo futhi kuncane kodwa akunikezi izinketho zokugcina uma kuhlangana nomdaba, okungaholela ekuphumkuleni kwezinhlelo. Ukumisela kwezibhisi ezimbili kuyinkinga kodwa kunikeza ukusebenza ngokuphelele ngokuhlanjuluka kokuqhubeka kwesiseko noma umsebenzi wokulungisa.